Вопрос № 857095 - Английский язык

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Containing the Sun – the challenges facing ITER
1. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics, famously declared: «We say that we will put the sun into a box. The idea is pretty. The problem is, we don’t know how to make the box». He was talking about nuclear fusion reactors, and the «box» is the casing of the reactor. But what should the box be made of? This is the problem that materials scientists around the world are working on in preparation for the construction of ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor).
2. ITER will be the next stage of research into nuclear fusion, and aims to pave the way for commercial fusion reactors by developing the necessary technologies and processes. The reactor will reproduce the nuclear reactions that occur in the sun using super-heated gas, or plasma, in a tokamak. The tokamak generates an intense doughnut-shaped magnetic field which confines the plasma and allows fusion to take place.
3. The ITER fusion reactor itself has been designed to produce 500 megawatts of output power for 50 megawatts of input power, or ten times the amount of energy put in. The machine is expected to demonstrate the principle of producing more energy from the fusion process than is used to initiate it, something that has not yet been achieved with previous fusion reactors.
4. ITER is currently building the world’s largest experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor at the Cadarache facility in the south of France. The project is funded and run by seven member entities – the European Union (EU), India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea and the United States. Construction of the facility began in 2007, and the first plasma is expected to be produced in 2020.
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What device will be used for nuclear energy production in the ITER fusion reactor?

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Containing the Sun – the challenges facing ITER
1. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics, famously declared: «We say that we will put the sun into a box. The idea is pretty. The problem is, we don’t know how to make the box». He was talking about nuclear fusion reactors, and the «box» is the casing of the reactor. But what should the box be made of? This is the problem that materials scientists around the world are working on in preparation for the construction of ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor).
2. ITER will be the next stage of research into nuclear fusion, and aims to pave the way for commercial fusion reactors by developing the necessary technologies and processes. The reactor will reproduce the nuclear reactions that occur in the sun using super-heated gas, or plasma, in a tokamak. The tokamak generates an intense doughnut-shaped magnetic field which confines the plasma and allows fusion to take place.
3. The ITER fusion reactor itself has been designed to produce 500 megawatts of output power for 50 megawatts of input power, or ten times the amount of energy put in. The machine is expected to demonstrate the principle of producing more energy from the fusion process than is used to initiate it, something that has not yet been achieved with previous fusion reactors.
4. ITER is currently building the world’s largest experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor at the Cadarache facility in the south of France. The project is funded and run by seven member entities – the European Union (EU), India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea and the United States. Construction of the facility began in 2007, and the first plasma is expected to be produced in 2020.
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Insulating materials have very low conductivity. They offer extremely high resistance to the flow of current. Insulators are used in electric devices to isolate conductors. Thus they should have a high dielectric strength and a high resistivity. Their mechanical properties are also important for practical use.
Insulators are divided into gaseous, liquid, solid. They are also divided into groups according to their heat resistance.

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More and more companies are turning to automation as a means of production. Used as a way of increasing production many factories have found considerable improvement in their output. Computers or robots do not require holidays, bigger offices, sick pay, pensions, and most importantly, they do not go on strike. Nowadays, a spacious factory needs to employ a total of five staff, one of whom is an engineer, who ensures that the machines operate properly. The owner of a small factory explained that the occurrence of strikes in the past led him to the decision to switch to automatic production. At the height of the industrial disputes with his staff, his company faced closure and he has never regretted dealing with machines instead of people as at least he is still in business.

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The inside of the Earth is very, very hot. Because it is very hot, the rock has melted like ice. It has become liquid, like water. It is always boiling, like water in a kettle. If you have seen the kettle boiling you know that the steam and boiling water try to get out. The very hot melted rock inside the earth also tries to get out. Usually it cannot because the outside of the earth is too thick and strong. But in some places the outside of the earth is thin and weak. Sometimes a crack appears. The hot melted rock pushes up through the crack and bursts through. Steam and gas shoot up into the air and the hot melted lava pours out. Big pieces of rock may be thrown high into the air. After a while the volcano becomes quiet again. The melted lava becomes hard again. Later the same thing happens again and again.

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The 1________ Earth is not quite a sphere, but is slightly flattened. It rates around its 2_______ ones a day and around the Sun once a year.
The Earth is 3_______ by its atmosphere. It provides us with oxygen and water, protects us from harmful effects of radiation from the Sun.
The blue 4_______ of the Earth’s sky is the result of the scattering of the shorter or blue wave-spectre of light coming from the Sun by particles in the upper atmosphere, such as gas molecules and dust.