Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения. A number of different te...: ответ на тест 1072354 - Английский язык

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A number of different terms are used for “manager”, including “director”, “administrator” and “president”. The term “manager” is used more frequently in profit-making organizations, while the others are used more widely in government and non-profit organizations such as universities, hospitals and social work agencies.
What, then, is a manager?
When used collectively the term “management” refers to those people who are responsible for making and carrying out decisions within the system. An individual manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization.

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Some basic characteristics seem to apply to managers in all types of organizations; they include hard work on a variety of activities, preference for active tasks, direct personal relationships.
Almost everything a manager does involves decisions. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists. In decision making there is always some uncertainty and risk.
Managing is a hard job. There is a lot to be done and relatively little time to do it. The engineer can finish a design on a particular day, and the lawyer can win or lose a case at a certain time. But …

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Marketing people do not like to admit that they have anything to do with sales, but, obviously, the whole purpose of marketing is to create a situation in which a sale can be made.
Buying, selling, market research, transportation, storage, advertising – these are all parts of the complex area of business known as marketing. In simple terms, marketing means the movement of goods and services from manufacturer to customer in order to satisfy the customer and to achieve the company’s objectives.

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The product element of marketing refers to the goods or services that a company wants to sell. Next, a company considers the price to charge for its product. There are three pricing options the company may take: above, with or below the prices that its competitors are charging. Most companies sell their goods or services for average prices established by major producers in the industry.
The third element of the marketing process – placement – involves getting the product to the customer. This takes place through the channels of distribution. A common channel of distribution is: manufacturer –> wholesaler –> retailer –> customer.
Wholesalers generally sell large quantities of a product to retailers, and retailers usually sell smaller quantities to customers.
Finally, communication about the product takes place between a buyer and a seller and is known as promotion. There are two major ways of promotion: 1) through personnel selling, as in a department store; 2) and through advertising, as in a newspaper or magazine, etc.

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One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit. To examine this definition, we will look at its various parts.
1_______. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next, these products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. 2_______. A car might be moved from a factory in Detroit to a car dealership in Miami.
3_______. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money. Goods are products which people either need or want; for example, cars can be classified as goods. 4_______. For instance, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.

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Many office workers dream of working their way up to the top from messenger to president of the corporation. The way lies through middle management positions. 1_______. At the very top are senior executives, who establish the policies for their companies, especially those that involve finances. 2_______.
It is still possible to start out at the bottom and go all the way to the top. Because the financial operation of business is so important, some accountants become top executives. 3_______. Nowadays, however, education plays a central role in the selection of men and women for management jobs. Many US universities have courses in business administration. 4_______. From there, they can easily get promoted if they show the necessary personality and ability.