Вопрос № 1072594 - Английский язык

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Modern computers based on tiny integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch battery. Personal computer in their various forms are icons of the Information Age, what most people think of as a “computer”, but the embedded computers found in devices ranging from fighter aircrafts to industrial robots, digital cameras, and children’s toys are the most numerous.

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As you know personal computers use a lot of power. In fact, with their printers and monitors, computers in the USA use each year as much electricity as the whole state of Oregon. Not to waste electricity, new ‘green’ computers are being developed by more than a hundred personal computer firms in the USA. When left on but unused for more than a few minutes, they go down to a standby, using 80 per cent less energy. At a command the PCs return to full power.
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How much electricity do the computers in the USA use every year?

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The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church-Turing thesis is: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, computers ranging from a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

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Modern computers based on tiny integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch battery. Personal computer in their various forms are icons of the Information Age, what most people think of as a “computer”, but the embedded computers found in devices ranging from fighter aircrafts to industrial robots, digital cameras, and children’s toys are the most numerous.

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Computer software, or just software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programmes, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on the computer system.
1_______. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. 2_______. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language). 3_______. The term “software” was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958. 4_______.

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Computer software has to be “loaded” into the computer storage (as memory, or RAM). 1_______. This involves passing instructions from the application software, through the system software, to the hardware which ultimately receives the instruction as a machine code. 2_______.
Sometimes data movement involves moving data between memory and registers, which enable high-speed data access in the CPU. 3_______. So, this is sometimes avoided by using “pointers” to data instead. Computations include simple operations such as incrementing the value of a variable data element. 4_______.