Вопрос № 933256 - Английский язык

There are a number of devices that directly affect the free flow of trade among nations. One of these is export subsidy – a payment by a country to its exporters that enables them to sell their products abroad at a lower price than they could sell them for at home. Selling the same product for a lower price abroad than at home is called dumping.
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There are a number of devices that directly affect the free flow of trade among nations. One of these is export subsidy – a payment by a country to its exporters that enables them to sell their products abroad at a lower price than they could sell them for at home. Selling the same product for a lower price abroad than at home is called dumping.
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Imports must be paid for in a currency that is acceptable to the seller. In order to facilitate these transactions, there is a market for the currencies of all trading nations. The selling price of one nation’s currency in terms of the currencies of other nations is known as its “exchange rate”. Exchange rates fluctuate in accordance with the laws of supply and demand.

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When the value of a nation’s currency is decreasing in terms of other currencies, its exports are likely to increase because they will be less expensive to people in foreign countries. Imports, in these circumstances are likely to decrease because foreign goods will become more expensive. When a nation’s currency is appreciating in terms of other currencies, the opposite is likely to occur.

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The bank has become a characteristic institution of 1_______ economic life. The business of the bank is to accept deposits from the public and lend money to businessmen. The 2_______ thus deal in debts. They are debtors to all depositors, and if someone borrows from the bank, he or she will become a debtor to the bank. The banks 3_______ a small amount of interest – say about one to two per cent to the depositors, and charge about six to seven per cent from the borrowers. The difference is earned by the bank and out of it all administrative and other 4_______ are incurred.

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The banks in their 1_______ form gradually evolved in England, where the 2_______ men used to deposit their cash and other valuables with the goldsmith for safe custody. These goldsmiths learnt out of experience, that out of the total deposits, hardly more than ten per cent were withdrawn by the depositor on any day. Therefore, if they had kept about ten per cent reserve cash to meet the 3_______ from the depositors, they would have loaned the remaining amounts to borrowers earning interest out of these loans. This gradually became a regular practice and they started paying a small interest to depositors to 4_______ more deposits. Out of this system the modern institution of Banking developed.