Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова. Hardening of plain carbon st...: ответ на тест 933223 - Английский язык

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Hardening of plain carbon steel consists of two stages; first heating to a specific temperature and then cooling rapidly. The cooling process is known as quenching. The correct temperature to which steel must be heated varies with its carbon content.
Overheating can cause grain growth, resulting in weak components.

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Where are steels of low carbon content used?
The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy – steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It is strong but corrodes easily through rusting, although stainless and other special steels resist corrosion. The amount of carbon in steel influences its properties considerably. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire and pipes. Medium-carbon steels containing from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon are tougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. Both mild and medium-carbon steels are suitable for forging and welding. High-carbon steels contain from 0.4 to 1.5 per cent carbon, are hard and brittle and are used in cutting tools, surgical instruments, razor blades and springs. Tool steel also called silver steel, contains about 1 per cent carbon and it is strengthened and toughened by quenching and tempering.

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The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy – steel. 1_______. It is strong but corrodes easily through rusting, although stainless and other special steels resist corrosion. 2_______. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire and pipes. Medium-carbon steels containing from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon are tougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. 3_______. High-carbon steels contain from 0.4 to 1.5 per cent carbon, are hard and brittle and are used in cutting tools,
surgical instruments, razor blades and springs. 4_______.

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A rectifier is a device which allows an electric power to pass in one direction but not in the opposite direction. 1________. Four of the most common are described below:
Selenium rectifiers are made of an aluminium plate with a selenium coating. 2_______. Instrument rectifiers are normally of the cooper oxide type, which consists of a copper disc with a cuprous oxide coating. 3_______. They are suitable for all power rectification, but are particularly useful for the low to medium power range. Thermionic diodes are found in radio circuits. 4_______.

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The open hearth and semi-muffle furnace are cheap to buy, and very easy to operate. 1_______. However, unlike the muffle furnace, it is difficult to heat the furnace evenly throughout the chamber and also to control the build-up of gases from the burner as they have no flue outlet. 2_______. In the open hearth furnace, it is also difficult to control the temperature in the chamber.
3_______. It is cheap, simple to operate, economical, and it also has good temperature control. However, it does not heat evenly or have good atmosphere control.
The muffle furnace is the most efficient of these three furnaces. 4_______. However, it is not cheap, simple to operate, or economical.

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Sheet metal forming is widely used when parts of certain shape and size are needed. 1_______. One characteristic of sheet metal forming is that the thickness of the sheet changes little in processing. The metal is stretched just beyond its yield point (2 to 4 percent strain) in order to retain the new shape. 2_______. Shearing is a cutting operation similar to that used for cloth.
3_______. For example, to make the roof of an automobile from a flat sheet, the edges are gripped and the piece pulled in tension over a lower die. 4_______. And finally the edges are sheared off to give the final dimensions.