Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова. Surgery has always been risk...: ответ на тест 933088 - Английский язык

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Surgery has always been risky and even with modern anaesthetics, blood transfusions, and antiseptics, patients will still die from the trauma of pain, loss of blood, and infections. Apart from such complications, there are other dangers such as bad reactions to anaesthetics, problems with wound healing, deep vein thrombosis, dehiscence (the splitting open of a surgical wound), and, depending on the state of health of the patient, risks of lung and heart problems.

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Anemia signifies a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells. It may be due to blood loss (open or hidden bleeding) or increased blood destruction (in the spleen), to faulty nutrition (e.g. lack of iron in the diet), poisons that depress the activity of the bone marrow, or other causes. Bone marrow, which makes blood, may be injured by heavy metal poisoning and some drugs, overdoses of X-ray, and tumors.

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1_______. Major killers in those days were diphtheria, chickenpox, scarlet fever, rubella, measles, tuberculosis, syphilis, meningitis, and so on. 2_______. Hospitals were filled with patients in the throes of fever, febrile convulsions, sweating, and vomiting, and the few weapons against illnesses that did exist, such as quinine, plant-based purgatives, digitalis, and mercury were often ineffective and frequently dangerous. If you got ill, you generally died.
3_______. Medicines have turned health care from a palliative practice, by which relief may be provided but not a cure, into something more hopeful and scientific. 4_______. There are now a huge number of medicines on the market and they are grouped here according to the condition they target.

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An 18-year-old girl had been asleep when a fire started in the living room below her bedroom. 1_______. When she was brought in, she was unconscious and deteriorating from circulatory failure. 2_______. A topical antibiotic was applied followed by a plastic epidermal graft.
The patient began a long, slow recovery. A nurse had to change her position in bed every two hours to prevent the formation of bedsores. 3_______. Starting at nine weeks, sheets of cultured skin cells were grafted to her regenerating dermal layer and by the fifteenth week of her hospitalization, the grafts were complete. 4_______.

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1 _______. Pain has an emotional component and is not the same for everyone, which makes it notoriously difficult to measure and compare. 2_______. Children, for example, have a greater sensitivity to pain than adults, and despite the common view to the contrary, many studies show that men have a higher pain threshold than women.
3_______. Acute pain is short-term, and chronic pain lasts longer than the injury that caused it.
The body’s organs contain few pain-receiving nerve endings, so internal injuries often cause referred pain, where pain is felt in another, unrelated part of the body. 4_______.

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A patient can be admitted to hospital in one of three ways:
– 1_______
– as a day patient (needing a hospital bed for tests or minor surgery but not needing to stay overnight)
– as an inpatient (needing to stay in hospital)
It is relatively easy to organize beds for inpatients who come through A&E (the majority of total admissions). 2_______.
It is important that accurate and clear medical records accompany patients from before admission and after discharge, and that they document all treatment, test results, and communications. 3_______. In many countries there are laws which govern who can have access to them. They consist of material such as:
– handwritten medical notes
– computerized files
– correspondence between health professionals
– laboratory reports
– x-ray films and scans
– 4_______
– printouts from monitoring equipment