Вопрос № 884716 - Английский язык

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Easy Metal Designs of Building
1. A basic fast construction for buildings is a metal skeleton. There metal vertical racks and horizontal crossbar with the help of bolt connections gather in cross-section frames. The cross-section frames are a system of extensions or communications, giving to design settlement durability fastens. Then roofing, wall runs, frames under windows, doors are established. Thus a bearing skeleton is ready. Further it is possible to use any facing. It can be ferro-concrete, bricklaying, special panels such as «sandwich», any combinations of the specified designs. In a «sandwich» panel every panel consists of two sheets of the zinced iron between which a special heater is placed. The design has no internal skeleton. Its durability is reached due to the certain orientation of fibers.
2. The scope of fast metallic construction is very wide. They are used at the construction of any industrial targets, warehouses, sports complexes. Recently fast construction designs are used in the market. This process makes metallic construction attractive in the field of trading constructions. A cost of a building from a metallic construction is 30-40% less, than on construction of a similar building, using traditional materials.
3. Today a fast metallic construction is a leader among all building designs, first of all, because of its low price. On the other hand, it has the shortest terms of erection. The economy of time can become very significant and essentially important for any customer. Besides the price and terms of assembly, fast metallic constructions have more important advantage. The matter is that a metallic construction is not only quickly gathered, but also can be disassembled fast and without special financial expenses.
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What does the building of a fast metallic construction begin with?

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Easy Metal Designs of Building
1. A basic fast construction for buildings is a metal skeleton. There metal vertical racks and horizontal crossbar with the help of bolt connections gather in cross-section frames. The cross-section frames are a system of extensions or communications, giving to design settlement durability fastens. Then roofing, wall runs, frames under windows, doors are established. Thus a bearing skeleton is ready. Further it is possible to use any facing. It can be ferro-concrete, bricklaying, special panels such as «sandwich», any combinations of the specified designs. In a «sandwich» panel every panel consists of two sheets of the zinced iron between which a special heater is placed. The design has no internal skeleton. Its durability is reached due to the certain orientation of fibers.
2. The scope of fast metallic construction is very wide. They are used at the construction of any industrial targets, warehouses, sports complexes. Recently fast construction designs are used in the market. This process makes metallic construction attractive in the field of trading constructions. A cost of a building from a metallic construction is 30-40% less, than on construction of a similar building, using traditional materials.
3. Today a fast metallic construction is a leader among all building designs, first of all, because of its low price. On the other hand, it has the shortest terms of erection. The economy of time can become very significant and essentially important for any customer. Besides the price and terms of assembly, fast metallic constructions have more important advantage. The matter is that a metallic construction is not only quickly gathered, but also can be disassembled fast and without special financial expenses.
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The advantages of a fast metallic construction are …

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History of agricultural science
1. Agricultural science began with Gregor Mendel's genetic work, but in modern terms might be better dated from the chemical fertilizer outputs of plant physiological understanding in eighteenth century Germany. In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887, which used the term «agricultural science». The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer. The Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built.
2. Agronomy and the related disciplines of agricultural science today are very different from what they were before about 1950. Intensification of agriculture since the 1960s in developed and developing countries, often referred to as the Green Revolution, was closely tied to progress made in selecting and improving crops and animals for high productivity, as well as to developing additional inputs such as artificial fertilizers and phytosanitary products.
3. However, environmental damage due to intensive agriculture, industrial development, and population growth has raised many questions among agronomists and has led to the development and emergence of new fields. New technologies, such as biotechnology and computer science, and technological advances have made it possible to develop new research fields, including genetic engineering, improved statistical analysis, and precision farming.
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Agroforestry
1. Agroforestry is an integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy land-use systems.
2. In agroforestry systems, trees or shrubs are intentionally used within agricultural systems, or non-timber forest products are cultured in forest settings. Knowledge, careful selection of species and good management of trees and crops are needed to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and to minimize negative competitive effects.
3. Agroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural and forest production methods through increased productivity, economic benefits, social outcomes and the ecological goods and services provided. Biodiversity in agroforestry systems is typically higher than in conventional agricultural systems. Agroforestry incorporates at least several plant species into a given land area and creates a more complex habitat that can support a wider variety of birds, insects, and other animals. Agroforestry also has the potential to help reduce climate change since trees take up and store carbon at a faster rate than crop.
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Evolution
1. A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops through evolution, and that all life-forms known have a common origin. Introduced into the scientific lexicon by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck in 1809, Charles Darwin established evolution fifty years later as a viable theory by articulating its driving force: natural selection. Evolution is now used to explain the great variations of life found on Earth.
Darwin theorized that species and breeds developed through the processes of natural selection and artificial selection or selective breeding.
2. The evolutionary history of the species – which describes the characteristics of the various species from which it descended – together with its genealogical relationship to every other species is known as its phylogeny. Widely varied approaches to biology generate information about phylogeny. These include the comparisons of DNA sequences conducted within molecular biology or genomics, and comparisons of fossils or other records of ancient organisms in paleontology.
3. The theory of evolution postulates that all organisms on the Earth, both living and extinct, have descended from a common ancestor or an ancestral gene pool. This last universal common ancestor of all organisms is believed to have appeared about 3.5 billion years ago.
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To understand the essence of phylogeny one …

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Agroforestry
1. Agroforestry is an integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy land-use systems.
2. In agroforestry systems, trees or shrubs are intentionally used within agricultural systems, or non-timber forest products are cultured in forest settings. Knowledge, careful selection of species and good management of trees and crops are needed to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and to minimize negative competitive effects.
3. Agroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural and forest production methods through increased productivity, economic benefits, social outcomes and the ecological goods and services provided. Biodiversity in agroforestry systems is typically higher than in conventional agricultural systems. Agroforestry incorporates at least several plant species into a given land area and creates a more complex habitat that can support a wider variety of birds, insects, and other animals. Agroforestry also has the potential to help reduce climate change since trees take up and store carbon at a faster rate than crop.
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What purpose was agroforestry created for?