Вопрос № 348068 - Английский язык

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Man has always tried to improve his standard of living by changing his surroundings and by making 1_______ to simplify the everyday tasks necessary for his existence. At first, the only 2_______ he could use were those he could see around him – stone, wood and so on. He survived in competition with other animals because of his abilities with his 3_______ and their coordination with his brain. Because he did not have the strength and speed of some animals, his survival depended on his 4_______ use to get food and to keep him warm and safe.

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There is a constant 1_______ for new drugs. This is because there is a lot we don’t know about human biology, there are still many illnesses we cannot cure, and new illnesses appear all the time while existing medicines lose their effectiveness. New 2_______ are tested on animals, but because animals’ bodies work differently from ours, if a drug works on a caged rat, it does not mean that it will do the same foe a human being. The only way to really know about a new medicine is to test it on people in a 3_______ trial. This is done by first giving it to healthy people to see if it is safe, and then giving it to sick people 4_______ if it works.

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A variety of housing has been provided in new towns, including two-storey houses, bungalows, flats and maisonettes. The greatest demand is for 1_______ with gardens. Many families moving to the new towns have previously lived in overcrowded conditions in flats or rooms in the centres of cities and want the space and freedom of a house and 2_______ where children can play in safety. In view of this preference, care is taken to provide houses of varied 3_______ types, avoiding monotony and ensuring privacy. Houses may, for example, be built in courts, closes, terraces or other groupings and set various distances from, and angles to, roads. A number of 4_______ such as bricks and cements of different colours and panels of natural timber are also used.

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There have been many 1_______ number systems in the world. A long time ago the Babylonians counted in 60s and today computers count in 2s – using only 1 and 0. We call this 2-number system the binary system. Most systems, however, count in 10s. This is because we have 10 fingers. We call this system the decimal 2_______ from ‘decem’, the Latin word for 10.
The Romans used letters like I, V, X and C to count in 10s but these are not very easy to use. The numbers most people use today come from India. We think they 3_______ by the Hindu people there. In the Hindu system the place of each number is important. For example, 832 is a different number to 238 or 382. The Hindu system was also used by the Arabs, and we now call them Arabic numbers. In about the 12th century an Italian called Leonardo Fibonacci wrote a book about 4_______ numbers, and people all over Europe began using these numbers.
We do not know who invented the decimal point, but we know that in 1585 a man called Simon Stevin wrote  a book about the decimal point. The book was called ‘The Tenth’. Before we knew about the decimal point, we had to use fractions like Ѕ and system ѕ when we talked about numbers smaller than 1.

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The Eiffel 1_______ is one of Europe’s most famous buildings. It stands in the Chap de Mars, a park near the River Seine in Paris. It is 300  2_______ tall and was built by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel for the Paris Universal Exposition in 1889.
Because the tower was such a tall building, Eiffel wanted to make it easy for people to get to the top. He wanted to use a lift, which was a very new invention
at the time. Eiffel asked Elisha Otis to design a lift for the building.
The opening of the Eiffel Tower took place on the 10th June 1889. Eiffel himself lived in the tower where he had his own 3_______. Many kings and queens were happy to visit the tower during the opening and, of course, they visited Eiffel’s apartment. Although Eiffel designed the tower for people to visit, it was also used for 4_______ experiments. Nowadays, the tower gets twice as many visitors as the other very famous building in Paris – the Louvre.

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Large office buildings are often as big as small towns. They have their own trains, buses and shops. Such buildings 1_______ in most cities of the world. When it was finished, however, in 1943, the Pentagon was the world’s largest office building. It is still – many years later – among the largest.
Built in the shape of a pentagon – a 2_______ shape – the building consists of five pentagons, divided into ten sections. Each side of the outside pentagon is about 300 metres long. In the centre, there is a large space open to the sky.
Six storeys high, the Pentagon has a total floor space of about two million square 3_______. Around it, there are about 45 kilometres of roads that are part of the building and inside the building itself there are over 25 kilometres of passages. In spite of its great 4_______, however, no office is more than a six minute walk from any other office in the building.