Вопрос № 911812 - Английский язык

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In the United States, the judiciary (which is a collective term for courts and judges) is divided into the national (federal) and state judiciary. Each is independent of the other with the exception that the United States Supreme Court may, under special circumstances involving federal questions, review a state court decision. Jurisdiction of particular courts of judges is determined by either the national or state constitutions and laws.
The states all have their own courts: a Supreme Court, superior courts, local courts. Some states have courts of small claims.

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The Courts of Appeals were organized to relieve the Supreme Court of pressure resulting from accumulation of appellate cases. In general these courts have final jurisdiction over the great mass of litigation not involving constitutional questions. For example, parties from different states have their case heard in a high Federal Court without going to the Supreme Court. A United States Court of Appeals generally comprises three judges. (The Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court are authorized to assign additional circuit court judges to such courts as may need them).
A Court of Appeals accepts the facts sent up to it by the lower courts, and therefore does not need a jury. Its work is to decide on disputed questions of law. As a rule the Court of Appeals sits with three judges together on the bench. This court’s principal duty is to protect the Supreme Court from routine cases of no political importance. Its decision may be so clear and well grounded that the Supreme Court will refuse to go into the question further, in which case the Court of Appeals has stated the supreme law of the land, at least for the exact circumstances of that case.

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The growth of using drugs is one more reason of crimes. To buy drugs teenagers need money, so they try to get it by robbing, committing burglary or even murdering people. Another reason is the propaganda of violence by mass media and especially television and films. Watching TV you are being fed with all kinds of killings, beatings, gunfights and so on. Even the special programmers for children are full of scenes of violence. And it’s not surprising that juvenile crime record is constantly growing.
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To buy drugs teenagers need money, so …

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The latest statistical data says that violent crime is rising constantly in this country. I know about it not only by newspapers reports. I’ve been robbed twice already and I’m afraid to leave my flat when it becomes dark. But even staying at home isn’t a guarantee for safety. My old neighbour had been killed in his own flat and as usual the murderers hadn’t been found by the police. Violence has become an accepted way of life in America. There are different explanations for this phenomenon. One of them is the possibility to buy any kind of weapons at gun shops everywhere in the US. The weapon is being bought not only buy criminals but by law – abiding citizens too to protect themselves.
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The latest statistical data says that …

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The dignity and rights of man, a dominant theme in the political philosophy of the 18th century, flowered into practical significance with such instruments as the Virginia Declaration of Rights 1776, the American Declaration of Independence 1776, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 1789 and, of more lasting importance, the series of Amendments to the United States Constitution adopted in 1791 as the American Bill of Rights. The constitutional settlement in the United States and the attached Bill of Rights provided a model of the protection of human rights.
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The constitutional settlement in the United States and the attached Bill of Rights provided …

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In some states the fundamental rights and liberties are protected within the Constitution itself. In other states a Bill of Rights is annexed to the Constitution subject to the same overriding primacy as the Constitution itself. In yet other states, fundamental rights are guaranteed by a Basic Law, falling short of the Constitution itself but remaining paramount over the ordinary legislation of the state. It has to be remembered that the effectiveness of the protection of human rights is dependent only in part on the rights and liberties set out in the relevant law. There are many instances of states whose constitutions contain an impressive series of human rights provisions which are not observed in practice.
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In some states the fundamental rights and liberties are protected …