Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова. Rays of light like all forms...: ответ на тест 1105227 - Английский язык

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Rays of light like all forms of energy that travel in waves can be reflected. Light rays are reflected. Light rays are reflected when they hit a shiny or silvered surface, such as a still pool of water or a mirror. Reflection involves two light rays and the reflected, or outgoing, ray, which bounces off the reflecting surface. The two rays are at identical angles to the reflecting surface on either side of an imaginary line.

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Light
1. The form of energy that illuminates our world is called light. It usually comes from hot objects, like the sun or fire, but it is also produced by electricity and some chemical reactions. Light is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum (which includes microwaves, ultraviolet rays, and X-rays) that is invisible to the human eye. It travels at 186,000 miles (300,000 km) per second, and nothing can travel faster. Like other forms of energy, light travels in waves, but it can also travel in packets of energy called quanta. This enables it to travel through a vacuum.
2. Light rays are reflected when they hit a shiny or silvered surface, such as a still pool of water or a mirror. Reflection involves two light rays: the incoming ray and the reflected ray which bounces off the reflecting surface. The two rays are at identical angles to the reflecting surface on either side of an imaginary line.
3. Refraction is a property of all types of energy that travel in waves, including light. Light waves normally travel in straight lines, but when they pass from one transparent material to another, they usually refract, or bend. Refraction occurs because light travels at different speeds in different materials. As light from a material with a low density, such as air, enters a material with a high density, such as water, its speed is reduced. This causes it to bend (except when it enters a material at a right angle).
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The discovery of X-rays in 1895 by the Prussian physicist Wilhelm Rontgen saw the beginning of a new age of physics. Thinking that the rays were unrelated to light and being uncertain of their nature, he called them X-rays. Rontgen discovered that when X-rays were directed through the body of a living person, the bones cast shadows on a photographic plate placed behind the body. X-rays are now also used in concentrated doses to treat cancer. Rontgen was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize for physics, which he received in 1901. The name Rontgen is now given to a unit of radiation, either X-rays or gamma rays.

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Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician. 1_______. He wrote some works in Latin. 2_______. He lived and worked in many different European countries. Descartes developed the science of geometry into the discipline that most schoolchildren know today. 3_______. He is generally accepted to be the father of modern Western philosophy. 4_______.

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Mathematics has a language of its own. 1_______. The earliest recorded numbers were marks made on a stick. 2_______. Eventually these groups were given symbols of their own and a system of arithmetic developed. 3_______. They also introduced special words to express new ideas. 4_______.

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The Greek mathematician Euclid worked in Alexandria, Egypt, 2300 years ago. 1_______. But he is famous for writing Elements, a series of 13 books. 2_______.In fact, these books were so clearly written that updated versions were still in use in schools in the early 1900s. 3_______. Mathematician and physicist Albert Einstein later proved that Euclid’s geometry was not valid throughout space and time. 4_______.