A person who initiates a lawsuit before a court is a an: ответ на тест 111104 - Английский язык

Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Case law, or common law, is based on the concept of precedent and the doctrine of stare decisis, which means “to stand by decisions and not to disturb what is settled”. This means that the case has established a precedent. The doctrine of stare decisis must be contrasted with the concept of res adjudicata, which means that the “thing has been decided”. Res adjudicata applies when, between the parties themselves, the matter is closed at the conclusion of the lawsuit. The losing party cannot again ask a court to decide the dispute. Stare decisis means that a court of competent jurisdiction has decided a controversy and has, in a written opinion, set forth the rule or principle that formed the basis for its decision, so that rule or principle will be followed by the court in deciding subsequent cases. Likewise, subordinate courts in the same jurisdiction will be bound by the rule of law set forth in the decision. Stare decisis, then, affects persons who are not parties to the lawsuit, but res adjudicata applies only to the parties involved.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Criminal courts
1. Both criminal and civil courts in England and Wales primarily hear evidence and aim to determine what exactly happened in a case. Broadly speaking, the lower courts decide matters of fact and the upper courts normally deal with points of law. About 95% of all criminal eases in England and Wales are tried in the Magistrates’ Courts which deal with petty crimes, that is, less serious ones. In certain circumstances the court may commit an accused person to the Crown Court for more severe punishment, either by way of a fine or imprisonment.
2. Except in cases of homicide, children under 14 and young persons – that is, minors between 14 and 17 years of age – must always be tried summarily, meaning without a jury, by a Youth Court. A Youth Court is a branch of the Magistrates' Court. Indictable offences, that is, more serious ones such as theft, assault, drug dealing, and murder, are reserved for trial in the Crown Court. In almost all criminal cases, the State, in the name of the Crown, prosecutes a person alleged to have committed a crime.
3. In England and Wales, a jury of twelve people decides whether the defendant is guilty of the crime she or he is charged with. The Crown Court may hear cases in circuit areas. From the Crown Court, appeal against conviction or sentence lies to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. If leave to appeal is granted by that court, cases may go on appeal to the House of Lords.
Ответьте на вопрос:
Where are children under 17 tried?

Выберите реплику, наиболее соответствующую ситуации общения
Teacher: «I would advise you to use these Internet sources».
Student: «_______________»

Выберите реплику, наиболее соответствующую ситуации общения
Mary: «I’m afraid I’ve been keeping that book of yours too long».
Susan: «_____________»

i passed the exam, but i am still waiting to get my 

Заполните пропуск
Being able to use a computer is an important _________ nowadays.