Вопрос № 223107 - Английский язык

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The first semiconductor 1______________ was invented in 1948. It meant another important advance in the development of 2_____________. Semiconductors possess a number of valuable advantages over electron vacuum 3______________, - miniature dimensions and high reliability. Thus electronics 4______________ the study of electron motion in solids. The realm of electronics widened still more. This opened up other fields of application for electronics.

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Intensive 1______________ of radio-location began in the early forties. All these years the vacuum tube was the heart of electronics and, hence, the field of electronics was usually 2_______________ as the study of the motion of electrons in vacuum tubes. However, it was found that small, controlled quantities of gas introduced into a "vacuum tube" could make it perform switching, 3______________ and other jobs. To include the category of gas-filled tubes, "vacuum tubes" became converted to "electron tubes" and the science of electronics was expanded to include the study of electron motion in  4______________.

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A laser is a quantum electronic 1______________. It is a machine for making and concentrating light 2______________ into a very intense beam. The letters LASER stand for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The light 3______________ by a laser is much more intense than ordinary light. With ordinary light, all the light waves are of 4_____________ lengths. With lasers, all the light waves are of the same length, and this increases the intensity.

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1____________ is an extremely simple-looking 2_______________. It is nothing more than a cylinder of synthetic ruby about 1/4 inches in 3_____________ and 1 1/2 inches long mounted in the centre of a spiral coil of glass. The coil is a xenon-filled flash 4_______________, very much like the ones used by photographers for taking flash pictures.

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The laser beam is 1_____________ by exciting the atoms of a suitable material - ruby is one - until most of the atoms have electrons orbiting in a higher energy level than usual. The excitation is then stopped and all the excited electrons fall back together, to their normal orbits, each one emitting a pulse of 2______________ of the same energy. In this way an intense beam of light is generated for a very short time. And 3______________ pulse or wave-train in this beam is in step with every other pulse. In this way a beam of light is obtained which is both monochromatic and coherent and easy to focus. This light is reflected by the mirror at one end of the tube. It can only escape at the other 4______________ of the tube.

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The range of the 1______________ use is expanding with 2______________ passing year. The use of picoseconds laser pulses will help to 3______________ faster and more powerful microchips information circuits and computers by mapping more exactly the routes electrons take through semiconductor materials, the rates they travel and the effects of impurities. 4______________ lasers will help research on interactions among molecules in liquids.