Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова. There are 51 basic legal sys...: ответ на тест 1046404 - Английский язык

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There are 51 basic legal systems in the United States: the federal system and a separate system in each of the 50 states. Although these systems are mainly similar, they also have important differences. For example, laws governing marriage and divorce are not the same in all states. The differences among legal systems exist because each of the original 13 states was previously sovereign (independent).

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The state
1. The state has an important part to play in making and enforcing law. But what is a state? It is a political unit with a territory that the international community treats as independent, for example the United Kingdom, Barbados or Japan. Law settles how the state is to be governed (its constitution), what duties it owes its citizens, and what duties they owe to one another and to it. The law of the state consists of a system of government, together with a framework for making the life of citizens more secure and for enabling them to flourish.
2. Since each state has its own system of law, there are many legal systems: the law of the United Kingdom, Barbados, Japan, etc. The laws of states differ a bit but also have much in common. Legal systems are called systems because in each state or part of a state with its own laws there are official bodies concerned with the whole of its law. These bodies – the branches of the state – are the legislature, which makes laws, the executive government, which puts laws into effect, and the judges, who decide disputes about the law. These branches of government try to see that the laws do not conflict with one another. In other words, they treat the laws as pans of a system that hangs together.
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The laws of the states all over the world …

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The US law consists of the following:
1. The Constitutions of the United States and of the 50 states, and charters or constitutions for cities or counties,
2. The statutes enacted by elected representatives
3. Administrative law, and
4. Case law, as expressed in court decisions.
These four types of laws – constitutional, statutory, administrative, and case – are each created by federal and state governments. Local governments generally create only statutory and administrative laws.

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Narcotics, when abused, can cause serious mental and physical harm. There exist laws, which make certain narcotic-related activities criminal offenses. The activities include selling or offering to sell, possessing, transporting, administering or giving narcotics without a license, except by medical prescription.

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1_______. Actually the word law is very difficult to define. There is a field of law that is known as “jurisprudence”, which analyzes the concept of law and is concerned with the philosophy of law. 2_______.
In considering the numerous definitions of law and philosophy of law it must be recognized that one of the roles of law is to maintain order and that this is the function of the criminal laws. 3_______. Between these two extremes of what might be called law and order on the one hand and settlement of disputes on the other, there are many situations that cannot be so clearly defined. 4_______. If he fails to do so, or if he fails to declare all his income or takes improper deductions, he may be subjected to penalties, but he has also failed to live up to his obligations to society. In any event it is important that one bear in mind that the law is not simply a statement of rules of conduct but is also the means whereby remedies are afforded when one person has wronged another.

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One of the views of law is that it is a method of social control – an instrument of social, political, and economic change. 1_______. It is difficult to determine whether the law brings about changes in our society or whether changes of society bring about a change in the law. 2_______. The law-responding to the goals, desires, needs, and aspirations of society is in a constant state of change. 3_______. In this event the law and our legal system provide leadership in bringing about changes. At other times our society is ahead of the law in moving in new directions, and changes are brought about by the people who act according to their new attitude and convictions. When these changes are accepted by the rest of society, it often happens that the law then gives approval and recognition of the changes, and the law has thus been brought into line with the changing needs of society. 4_______. As a result of this laws have been enacted that require that devices be installed to control pollution. Here the public pressure resulted in the enactment of laws and the law was a follower rather than a leader. It is important to note that the law is not static – that it is constantly changing and that the impetus for the changes may come from many different sources.