Вопрос № 933222 - Английский язык

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Ductility is the ability of a material to deform without breaking. One of the great advantages of metals is their ability to be formed into the shape that is needed, such as car body parts. Materials that are not ductile are brittle. Ductile materials can absorb energy by deformation but brittle materials cannot.
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Ductility is the ability of a material to …

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Materials Science and Technology is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated to meet the needs of modern technology. Using the laboratory techniques and knowledge of psychics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.
Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces, such as tension, compression, torsion, bending, and shear. All materials respond to these forces by elastic deformation. That is, the materials return their original size and form when the external force disappears.

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Hardening of plain carbon steel consists of two stages; first heating to a specific temperature and then cooling rapidly. The cooling process is known as quenching. The correct temperature to which steel must be heated varies with its carbon content.
Overheating can cause grain growth, resulting in weak components.

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The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy – steel. 1_______. It is strong but corrodes easily through rusting, although stainless and other special steels resist corrosion. 2_______. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire and pipes. Medium-carbon steels containing from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon are tougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. 3_______. High-carbon steels contain from 0.4 to 1.5 per cent carbon, are hard and brittle and are used in cutting tools,
surgical instruments, razor blades and springs. 4_______.

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A rectifier is a device which allows an electric power to pass in one direction but not in the opposite direction. 1________. Four of the most common are described below:
Selenium rectifiers are made of an aluminium plate with a selenium coating. 2_______. Instrument rectifiers are normally of the cooper oxide type, which consists of a copper disc with a cuprous oxide coating. 3_______. They are suitable for all power rectification, but are particularly useful for the low to medium power range. Thermionic diodes are found in radio circuits. 4_______.

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The open hearth and semi-muffle furnace are cheap to buy, and very easy to operate. 1_______. However, unlike the muffle furnace, it is difficult to heat the furnace evenly throughout the chamber and also to control the build-up of gases from the burner as they have no flue outlet. 2_______. In the open hearth furnace, it is also difficult to control the temperature in the chamber.
3_______. It is cheap, simple to operate, economical, and it also has good temperature control. However, it does not heat evenly or have good atmosphere control.
The muffle furnace is the most efficient of these three furnaces. 4_______. However, it is not cheap, simple to operate, or economical.