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The bailiff is an officer of the court whose duties are to keep order in the courtroom, to call witnesses, and to take charge of the jury as instructed by the court at such times as the jury may not be in the courtroom, and particularly when, having received the case, the jury is deliberating upon its decision. It is the duty of the bailiff to see that no one talks with or attempts to influence the jurors in any manner.

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Investigation in Russia
1. The investigator and the court base their conclusions concerning the guilt of the accused upon the verification and assessment of the evidence. Evidence in a criminal case is facts, on the basis of which the investigating authorities and the court establish, in accordance with the law, the existence or absence of a socially dangerous act, the guilt of the person committing the act, and other circumstances of importance in making a correct decision in the case.
2. The investigator, the police, the prosecutor and the court establish the facts in the case from the testimony of witnesses, the injured parties, suspects, accused, the opinions of experts, exhibits, the records of the investigation and court proceedings, and other documents.
3. The investigator, having received information that a crime has been committed, inquires as to the persons who may be of help to him in establishing the circumstances of the case, and summons them as witnesses. To obtain exhibits the investigator inspects the scene of the crime and makes searches and seizures. He requests written documents from state establishments and persons in office.
4. The collection of evidence before the trial is performed in the preliminary investigation. In more complicated cases the investigation is carried out by investigators, and otherwise by the police. To obtain evidence, the investigator takes steps to find eye-witnesses of the crime. Upon receiving the summons, a witness must appear before the investigator or in court. If he fails to appear without good reason, he may be forced to by the police and is criminally responsible for failure to appear.
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1_______. He must be a native-born citizen at least 35 years old. 2_______. But he must pay a federal income tax on the whole amount. He gets an added $40,000 tax-free, for travel and entertaining, and is provided a home - the White House.
3_______. He recommends many laws to the Congress and requires money for Federal Government operations. If he refuses to sign a bill passed by the Congress, a two-thirds vote of both houses is needed to overrule his veto and make the bill a law. 4_______. He is aided by an elected Vice President.
Under the U.S. Constitution a sitting President may be removed from office by an impeachment process whereby the House of Representatives, upon sufficient evidence, brings a “bill of impeachment” voted for by two-thirds of its membership. Next comes a trial in the Senate, with the Chief Justice of the United States acting as the judge and the Senators as the jury.

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Governments have many ways of making sure that citizens obey the law. 1_______. They use police forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals. They authorize courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others. 2_______. Which of these is most effective in enforcing the law?
3_______. Many people do not know where to find these records and do not find it easy to read them. But ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it. 4_______. Sometimes this seems very harsh, for example, when the law is very technical. Shopkeepers in England have been prosecuted for selling books on Sunday, although they were allowed to sell magazines. However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior. In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law, even if he doesn’t know exactly which law it is.

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The great majority of judges spend at least part of their time hearing civil cases. Many judges sit on courts that hear only civil cases, and some specialize even more narrowly, serving permanently on courts or divisions that handle only probate, domestic relations, or bankruptcy cases.
In most respects, the powers and responsibilities of judges in civil cases are similar to those in criminal cases.
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The great majority of judges spend at least part of their time hearing …

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Attorneys are usually present in all but the most minor civil cases. Their participation is marked by specialization: lawyers generally concentrate in a few areas of the law, so work in most areas is handled chiefly by specialists and quasispecialists. But in a few common and nontechnical areas, such as estates, many lawyers who are not specialists take occasional cases.
Some areas of law handled in civil courts resemble criminal law in the sense that a particular lawyer always represents only one of the two types of parties that contend in court.
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In a few common and nontechnical areas many lawyers who are not specialists take …