Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения. Marketing can be divided...: ответ на тест 1105282 - Английский язык

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Marketing can be divided into four main elements that are known as the four P’s: product, price, placement and promotion.
The marketing strategies of determining product, price, placement and promotion are not planned in isolation. Marketing analysts often look at a combination of these four factors. This combination of the four P’s is known as the marketing mix. In order to develop a successful marketing mix researchers first ask two important questions: Who is going to buy the product? What is the potential to sell this product?

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The product element of marketing refers to the goods or services that a company wants to sell. Next, a company considers the price to charge for its product. There are three pricing options the company may take: above, with or below the prices that its competitors are charging. Most companies sell their goods or services for average prices established by major producers in the industry.
The third element of the marketing process – placement – involves getting the product to the customer. This takes place through the channels of distribution. A common channel of distribution is: manufacturer –> wholesaler –> retailer –> customer.
Wholesalers generally sell large quantities of a product to retailers, and retailers usually sell smaller quantities to customers.
Finally, communication about the product takes place between a buyer and a seller and is known as promotion. There are two major ways of promotion: 1) through personnel selling, as in a department store; 2) and through advertising, as in a newspaper or magazine, etc.

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The economy of the Soviet Union had considerable drawbacks. 1_______. Second, for a long period of time investment resources were directed into heavy manufacturing at the expense of consumer or light industry. Third, the pricing system was not based on the market mechanism of supply and demand, and that produced anomalies. For example, the price of bread was below the cost of the wheat used to produce it. 2_______. Fourth, the bureaucratic system and the strong emphasis on meeting targets hindered the introduction of new technologies that could improve productivity. 3_______. Moreover, the state monopoly over production resulted in poor quality of Soviet goods and services. And then, though Soviet economic growth rates were impressive (between the 1950s and 1975, the Soviet gross national product (GNP) increased by 5 percent per year, which was more than in the United States), the country still lagged behind the developed countries. 4_______.

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The Japanese work hard to identify attractive global markets. They look for industries that require high skills and high labor intensity but few natural resources. 1_______. They like markets where consumers around the world would be willing to buy the same product design. 2_______.
Japanese study teams spend several months evaluating the target market, searching for market niches that are not being satisfied. Sometimes they start with a product that is as good as the competitor’s but priced lower, sometimes with a product with higher quality or new features. The Japanese provide quick service to their customers. 3_______. Their entry strategy is to build market share rather than early profits.
4_______. They spot new opportunities through market segmentation, develop markets in new countries, and work to build a network of world markets and production locations.

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First of all, what is money? 1_______. The money you are most familiar with, currency, consists of the paper money and coins that you use almost daily. Currency is legal tender. 2_______.
From the earliest times precious metals, such as gold and silver, along with copper, have been the most popular forms of money. 3_______. As you read through history, you will discover societies that favoured things such as tobacco, fish hooks, shells and, of course, various forms of paper for their money. 4_______.

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Marketing starts in a market, which brings together buyers and sellers. In some cases buyers and sellers meet physically, in other cases business can be transacted over the telephone or via a computer.
The buyers must have money to spend and willingness to spend it or a purpose or service that they themselves are willing to trade. The sellers must have what the buyers want.
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The buyers must have money to …