Вопрос № 857176 - Английский язык

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Farmers harvest their field crops with machines. They use combines to harvest most grain and seed crops, including barley, corn, rice, soybeans, and wheat. A combine performs several tasks. First, it cuts the plant stalks. Then, it threshes the cuttings – that is, separates the grain or seeds from the straw and other residues. The combine returns the residues to the ground and collects the grain or seeds in a tank or bin.
Some farmers harvest corn with special machines. The machines pick the ears from the stalks but do not remove the grain from the ears. Special machines are also used to harvest other field crops, including peanuts, potatoes, and sugar beets. Some machines mow such crops as alfalfa and clover. The moved crops are left on the ground, where they dry and become hay. Machines called hay balers gather the hay and bind it into bales.
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The main purpose of soil preparation is to make a seedbed – that is, an area of soil in which seeds can be planted and in which they will take root and grow. Most farmers make the seedbed by a process called tillage. Tillage involves digging into the soil and mixing it. Tillage loosens the soil, kills weeds, and improves the circulation of the water and air in the soil. The chief tillage devices are ploughs. At ploughing time, most farm fields are scattered with dead stalk, leaves, and other plant wasters from the preceding crop. Other field may have a cover crop, such as alfalfa or grass. Plants wasted and cover crops help protect soil from erosion. They also enrich the soil with nutrients if they are ploughed under.
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Most farmers make the seedbed by a process called …

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Marketing is finding out about your customers and competitors so that you can provide the right product at the right price.
Think about the people you want to sell to: your target market. Different products have different target markets, for example, Swatch and Rolex watches. Questions to ask are:
– Who are my Customers - age, sex, income?
– What is the size of the market?
– Is it possible for the market to get bigger?
– What about product awareness – do people know about my company’s products?
You find out this information through market research. Market research uses interviews to find out about people’s attitudes and questionnaires to find out about their shopping habits.
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Market research uses questionnaires to find out about people’s …

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When you know who your customers are and how big your market is, the next step is to set your objectives. Do you want to increase sales? To increase market share? Or to make your product different from the competition?
Next, think about your strategy for meeting your objectives. If your objective is to increase market share, you could:
– find new customers by making your product more attractive
– take customers from your competitors
– persuade your customers to use more of your product.
How will you make your strategy work? What message do you want to send? There are many types of promotion and it’s important to choose the right one, e.g.
– advertising on TV, in newspapers, etc.
– direct marketing by post (mailshots)
– telesales – selling to customers on the phone
– point-of-sale material in shops – free samples or special offers.
Now you are ready to launch your product in the market. Good luck!
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Now you are ready to launch your product in …

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Sometimes the government can encourage or discourage imports and exports of goods. It imposes quotas on certain products. An export quota specifies how much of a product can a manufacturer ship out. An import quota allows you to import to certain limit. The quota may be absolute (we reach a certain amount and can ship more) or the government can combine it with a special tariff on all units over that amount. For example, we had an import quota of 6,000 automobiles. We had bought 6,000 automobiles with a 6.5% tariff by the end of the last year, and all others we bought with a 45% tariff.

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Governments can prohibit the import or export of certain products for military, sanitary, moral or political reasons. A military embargo prevents weapons going to a certain country. The United States prohibit the import of certain birds and animals for sanitary reasons. Moral reasons are the grounds for embargoing cocaine, heroin and other drugs. Sometimes governments prevent the export for political reasons. For example, the United Nations set embargo on sales to, and purchases from, Rhodesia before it became Zimbabwe.