Вопрос № 223303 - Английский язык

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Heart disease is not one but many diseases. Nor is the heart alone involved. The blood vessels and the kidneys, and sometimes other organs, are also affected. When we talk about heart disease, we usually mean cardiovascular or cardiovascularenal disease, «cardio» for heart, «vascular» for blood vessels, «renal» for kidneys. When damage or change occurs in any part of this system, it is reflected in the other parts.
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What is influenced by heart disease?

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A delicate heart operation was performed in a hermetically sealed high-pressure chamber at the Moscow Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery.
The operated man was 48-years old. He had been hardly able to move because he was suffering from a serious congenital valve defect.
Now this operation is considered not a very complex one. But in this patient there was a serious risk of blood clotting in the brain.
The risk became quite insignificant when the operation was performed in the high-pressure chamber. At normal air pressure the amount of oxygen in a patient’s blood remains unchanged even if he breathes in pure oxygen. In a pressure chamber the oxygen amount in the blood increases considerably. In a pressure chamber the surgeon is able to operate with greater freedom on vital organs such as the brain, heart or blood vessels.
But it is very hard to work under high pressure. When operations are performed at seven or eight atmosphere pressures, the operation can only last two and a half hours. The personnel in the chamber have to be changed.
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In a pressure chamber the oxygen amount _______.

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The use of X-rays in medicine was a huge breakthrough at the turn of the century. British engineer Godfrey Hounsfield came up with an improvement on the 70-year-old technology. It combined X-ray images with a computer.
Hounsfield called this technology a CT (computerized tomography) scan, also called CAT scan (computerized axial tomography). It was especially useful for looking at head injuries and brain problems, because it showed about 100 times greater detail in soft tissues than traditional X-rays. Hounsfield was knighted and won the 1979 Nobel Prize.

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In the 1980s another imaging technique was added to the tools of medicine. Nuclear magnetic resonance is a technology that, using a gigantic magnet, can line up the protons – or nuclei of hydrogen atoms – in an object (or organism) to align with the north-south polarity of the magnet. A computer “reads” this to create an image in a process known as MRI, magnetic resonance imaging. MRI can give an image of any plane through the body, while the patient’s experience consists of lying still in a body-sized tube, and hearing the click of the machinery.

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Scientists have discovered that the beginning of coronary thrombosis can be detected and located by the use of radioactive iodine. The isotope of iodine is attracted to inflamed tissues and thus shows the exact place of thrombosis.
Electrocardiograms do not always show the beginning of a heart attack. The use of the radio-active iodine is better than electrocardiogram in this respect: it shows exactly the location of the thrombosis and it is helpful in treatment.

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In some cases it is necessary to make a brain operation, cutting several nerve tracts. In 1958 surgeons made this operation for the first time with an “atomic knife” – a proton beam that required no cutting into the brain. Usually such operation required weeks of preparation and many weeks of recovery. The atomic operation took about two hours; as soon as it was over, the patient walked off to a meal. He did not feel any pain and only said that he was tired from sitting in the same position for two hours. During the operation the patient was rotated from time to time so that the beam from synchrocyclotron could strike the brain at different angels. The surgeons directed the beam from another room, giving the patient instructions from time to time by the telephone.
The proton beam was 10 mm wide and 2 mm thick.