Вопрос № 223301 - Английский язык

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In 2000, there were large numbers of new products in Britain, e.g. foreign food (pizza, pasta, Indian food), and exotic fruits and vegetables, e.g. kiwi, ice cream was very uncommon in 1900, and there were no burgers, Coca Cola, yoghurt or olive oil. In 1900, food and health in Britain were bad – people lived on a diet of tea and bread. Malnutrition was common and there was terrible disease and infant mortality. The average height for men to go in the army was 1.50m. In 2000, health problems such as obesity and heart disease were caused by eating too much food and fat.

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A vitamin
1. A vitamin is an organic compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet.
2. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Some have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism (such as vitamin D), or regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (such as some forms of vitamin A). Others function as antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C). The largest number of vitamins (such as B complex vitamins) functions as precursors for enzyme cofactors that help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism.
3. Until the mid-1930s, when the first commercial yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C supplement tablets were sold, vitamins were obtained solely through food intake, and changes in diet (which, for example, could occur during a particular growing season) usually greatly altered the types and amounts of vitamins ingested. However, vitamins have been produced as commodity chemicals and made widely available as inexpensive semisynthetic and synthetic-source multivitamin dietary and food supplements and additives, since the middle of the 20th century.
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In 1921, at the University of Toronto, Frederic Grant Banting and Charles H. Best conducted experiments that successfully isolated the hormone insulin. This hormone is used to control the disease diabetes. The name of the hormone is derived from Latin word for island, insula, because the hormone is produced in the part of the pancreas called the Isles of Langerhans.
Insulin is protein and is digested by the enzymes. Banting and Best used animal experiments to extract insulin and demonstrated that it stopped symptoms of diabetes. Commercial production of insulin uses pigs, oxen, and sheep as sources for the hormone.

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In 1967 surgery arrived at a climax that made the whole would aware of its medicosurgical responsibilities when the South African surgeon Christian Barnard transplanted the first human heart.
In 1964 James Hardy, of the University of Mississippi, had transplanted a chimpanzee’s heart into a man.
Research had been remorselessly leading up to just such an operation ever since Charles Guthrie and Alexis Carrel, at the University of Chicago, perfected the suturing of blood vessels in 1905 and then carried out experiments in the transplantation of many organs, including the heart.

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The use of X-rays in medicine was a huge breakthrough at the turn of the century. British engineer Godfrey Hounsfield came up with an improvement on the 70-year-old technology. It combined X-ray images with a computer.
Hounsfield called this technology a CT (computerized tomography) scan, also called CAT scan (computerized axial tomography). It was especially useful for looking at head injuries and brain problems, because it showed about 100 times greater detail in soft tissues than traditional X-rays. Hounsfield was knighted and won the 1979 Nobel Prize.

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In the 1980s another imaging technique was added to the tools of medicine. Nuclear magnetic resonance is a technology that, using a gigantic magnet, can line up the protons – or nuclei of hydrogen atoms – in an object (or organism) to align with the north-south polarity of the magnet. A computer “reads” this to create an image in a process known as MRI, magnetic resonance imaging. MRI can give an image of any plane through the body, while the patient’s experience consists of lying still in a body-sized tube, and hearing the click of the machinery.