Вопрос № 223546 - Английский язык

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Probably since the time of the first humans, people have eaten honey made by bees. For many thousands of years, they took the honey from bees’ nests in trees without understanding very much about the lives of bees. Slowly, however, people realized that it would be simpler to keep bees than to have to try to find their nests. At first they kept them in hollow parts of trees or small clay containers which they hung from the trees. Nowadays in most countries they are kept in wooden hives.

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Probably since the time of the first humans, people have eaten honey made by bees. For many thousands of years, they took the honey from bees’ nests in trees without understanding very much about the lives of bees. Slowly, however, people realized that it would be simpler to keep bees than to have to try to find their nests. At first they kept them in hollow parts of trees or small clay containers which they hung from the trees. Nowadays in most countries they are kept in wooden hives.

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Most Arab beekeepers look after their bees in the same way that Egyptian beekeepers looked after theirs almost 5,000 years ago. The earliest known record of Egyptian beekeeping dates the time of the Old Kingdom (about 2,500 BC). There is also a wall painting from the Middle Kingdom in a tomb at Luxor, painted in about 1,800 BC. This shows clearly a beekeeper taking honey from the back of a hive while his assistant blows smoke into it to make the bees move to the front.
Perhaps the main reason that there have been so few changes to the way people keep bees in Egypt is that beekeeping has always been a family industry with fathers passing the knowledge to their sons. The bees, too, have not changed and neither has what they eat, so there has been little need to change the way of caring for them or the way of removing the honeycombs from hives.

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Over 20 million people are employed in the coffee industry. They grow and sell enough coffee beans for 400,000,000 cups of coffee a year. Coffee is worth more money than any other industry in the world except oil. In Brazil alone, about 3,000,000 coffee plants are looked after every year.
The story has it – though no one really knows the truth – that coffee was discovered in the country known today as Ethiopia. A man called Kaldi who was looking after his goats noticed that his goats were very energetic after eating a certain kinds of berry. He decided to try the berries himself and found that they gave him a lot of energy. When some priests heard about this, they dried the berries then made them into a drink with water. Coffee was born!

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It was in Turkey, however, that the coffee drink we know today was first made. Two Syrian businessmen brought the beans to Istanbul in 1555. The Turks heated the beans over a fire, crushed them and then boiled them in water. Coffee drinking became an important part of Turkish life, rather like the way tea did in Japan. Also, whereas in Western nations a man often chose a woman to be his wife because she was a good cook, in Turkey men often tested the coffee made by a woman before they thought seriously about marrying her.

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By the 18th century century coffee had become an important part of European life as well. In England, in particular, the coffee houses of London became important meeting places for writers and men working in the government.
In some ways Turkish coffee is similar to the espresso coffee in Italy – it is dark and strong and drunk from small cups. However, it is made in a completely different way, and sometimes a spice called cardamom is added. Turkish coffee is served from a pot called a ‘cezve’. In the same way that in tea-drinking nations some people tell fortunes from looking at what is left of the coffee in the cup.