Вопрос № 223070 - Английский язык

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It was found that if a sealing-wax rod is rubbed with a woolen cloth, and a rod of glass is rubbed with a silken cloth, an electric spark will pass between the sealing-wax rod and the glass rod when they are brought near one another. Moreover, it was found that a force of attraction operates between them. An electrified sealing-wax is repelled, however, by a wax rod, and also an electrified glass rod is repelled, by a similar glass rod.

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An electric current is a flow of electricity. There are two kinds of electricity, positive and negative. Glass rubbed with silk is positively charged, ebonite rubbed with fur is negatively charged.
Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. The leaf electroscope is used to detect, distinguish and measure charges.
The ultimate particle of negative electricity is called the electron; that of positive is called the proton.

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The polarity of a charge may be determined by means of an electroscope. We charge the electroscope negatively by touching the ball with a rod of hard rubber which is rubbed with flannel or silk. If the unknown charge is brought to the electroscope it will induce on the ball a charge of opposite polarity and on the gold leaves a charge of the same polarity as that of the unknown charge. Therefore, if the unknown charge is negative, the gold leaves will repel each other; if it is positive, they will attract.

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Conductors are materials that have a large number of loosely bound valence-ring electrons; these electrons are easily knocked out of their orbit and are then referred to as free electrons. Insulators are materials in which the valence-ring electrons are tightly bound to the nucleus. In between the limits of these two major categories is a third general class of materials called semiconductors.

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The simplest combination of elements constituting an electron tube is the diode. It consists of a cathode, which serves for emitting the electrons, and a plate or anode surrounding the cathode, which acts as a collector of electrons. Both electrodes are enclosed in a highly evacuated envelope of glass or metal. If the cathode is indirectly heated, there must be a heating spiral or a heater. The size of diode tubes varies from tiny metal tubes to large-sized rectifiers. The plate is generally a hollow metallic cylinder made of nickel, molybdenum graphite, tantalum or iron.

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A basic law of electricity states that like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. Electrons emitted from the cathode of an electron tube are negative electric charges. These charges may be either attracted to or repelled from the plate of a diode tube, depending on whether the plate is positively or negatively charged.