Вопрос № 256480 - Английский язык

Russian people have always paid much attention to sport. Sport keeps people fit and healthy and makes them better disciplined in their daily activities.
Numerous kinds of sports, both winter and summer, are popular in the Russian Federation. Millions of citizens of Russia engage in some sporting activities and even in competitions. “Physical training” is a subject on the curriculum of schools and universities. You can hardly find a school or a college without sports grounds. Sports facilities are available at any university or other higher education establishment.
Sports in this country have traditionally been divided into amateur and professional. The core of professional sports is sporting societies. Millions, from beginners to champions, are members of sporting clubs and societies. Youngsters from the age of 7 to 18 are trained in sports schools which are run by the major sports clubs. The schools cover a wide range of sports from track-and-field and calisthenics to boxing.
There are also sports clubs at many enterprises and offices.
Participation in sports in this country is massive by any standards.
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How does sport help?

Russian people have always paid much attention to sport. Sport keeps people fit and healthy and makes them better disciplined in their daily activities.
Numerous kinds of sports, both winter and summer, are popular in the Russian Federation. Millions of citizens of Russia engage in some sporting activities and even in competitions. “Physical training” is a subject on the curriculum of schools and universities. You can hardly find a school or a college without sports grounds. Sports facilities are available at any university or other higher education establishment.
Sports in this country have traditionally been divided into amateur and professional. The core of professional sports is sporting societies. Millions, from beginners to champions, are members of sporting clubs and societies. Youngsters from the age of 7 to 18 are trained in sports schools which are run by the major sports clubs. The schools cover a wide range of sports from track-and-field and calisthenics to boxing.
There are also sports clubs at many enterprises and offices.
Participation in sports in this country is massive by any standards.
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You can hardly find a school or a college without …

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First it was aerobics. Then it was jogging. Now cycling has been declared a health hazard. Jogging was never particularly good for you, so doctors said: “Its action could damage the knees and the back.” But if cycling your way to health was ever an alternative, it may not be now.
This is because American doctors have just put a question mark against mountain biking. Almost all cyclists interviewed by one Californian doctor had suffered at least one injury in the past twelve months, so cycling may not be as healthy as you thought.
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This is because American doctors _______.

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To understand the great work, which Joseph Lister did, we must know the conditions the hospitals in those early days of the 19th century. Operating rooms were usually in separate buildings so that the other patients in the hospital could not hear the screams of the unhappy patient who was strapped to the operating table. Because of the terrible pain, the surgeon had to operate as quickly as possible. The operating tables were little better than kitchen tables. Under these tables a tub of sand was placed to catch the blood from the operation. The instruments were often not even washed.
The surgeons were not indifferent or careless. They had simply no understanding at all of the bad effects of dirt. They were sorry that their patients died so often but they did not connect this with dirt.
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The operating tables were _______.

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In Lister’s time there was a woman whose name is known all over the world shows how the reasons of the effects of dirt were found. Her name was Florence Nightingale.
Nightingale’s contributions to the evolution of nursing as a profession were invaluable. Before she undertook her reforms, nurses were largely untrained personnel who considered their job a menial chore; through her efforts the status of nursery was raised to a medical profession with high standards of education and important responsibilities. In 1907, she became the first woman to receive the British Order of Merit. She died in London in 1910 on August 13. Her works were translated in many languages. Florence Nightingale’s new kind of nursing went hand in hand with Joseph Lister’s work.
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Florence Nightingale’s new kind _______.

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During Lister’s early days as a surgeon, silk ligatures were used. Their ends were left outside the wound until the surgeon could pull them out. This system was not good.
Lister knew that the human body could absorb foreign particles. He wondered whether antiseptic silk might be absorbed too.
In 1867, he made the first experiment. The patient was an old horse. Lister cut open the horse’s neck and tied a silk signature around an artery. He sewed up the opening. One stormy night many years later when Lister was in bed with the flu he learned that the horse was dying. Lister rushed to the stable and by the light of a lantern he opened up the neck of the horse. He saw what he had hoped to see: the silk had been neatly walled off by surrounding tissue. Now he knew that it was no longer necessary to remove the ligatures used inside the body.
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Lister cut open the horse’s neck _______.