Вопрос № 223779 - Английский язык

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In 1858, a French engineer, Thome` de Gamond arrived in England with a plan for a twenty-one mile tunnel across the English Channel. He said that it would be possible to build a platform in the centre of the Channel. The platform will serve as a port and a railway station. The tunnel would be well-ventilated if tall chimneys were built above sea-level. In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an English-man, William Low. He suggested that a double railway tunnel should be built. This would solve the problem of ventilation, for if train entered this tunnel, it would draw in fresh air behind it. 42 years later, a tunnel was actually begun. If, as the time, the British had no feared invasion, it would have been completed.

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Channel Tunnel
The construction of the Channel Tunnel, also called the Euro Tunnel or Chunnel, is one of the  26______ technological and engineering feats of the 20th century.
In 1986, after almost 200 years of debate and planning (the idea of an undersea tunnel linking Britain with France was first 27______ in talks with Napoleon), the governments of both countries finally 28_____ to start construction and signed a treaty.
Engineers 29_____ a huge challenge. Not only would they have to build one of the longest tunnels in the world; they would have to convince the public that passengers would be 30_____ in a tunnel this size. Tunnel fires were common at this time. How did the engineers 31_____ this problem? They built an escape route.
The Channel Tunnel actually consists 32_____ three tunnels. In between the two full-sized train tunnels there is a smaller service tunnel that can be used as an emergency escape route. There are connections between 33____ and the train tunnels every 375 meters. Just one year after the Chunnel opened, this engineering design was put to the test. Thirty-one people were trapped in a fire that broke out in a train 34_____ from France. The design worked. Everyone was able 35____ through the service tunnel.

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Sputnic 1 was an unmanned satellite. The first person to travel in space was Y. Gagarin on board the spacecraft Vostok 1. This success inspired the U.S. to set up its space close-up programme. An American space probe sent back the photographs of Mars. In 1969, the American astronauts set foot on the Moon. Their steps were seen by TV viewers all over the world. 3 years earlier the Russian probe was powerful enough to send back the first pictures from the Moon’s surface. The invention that enabled space exploration to go ahead was the computer placing a spacecraft into the orbit and guiding its progress, involves complete calculations which can be made only by computers very rapidly.

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Traffic means everything and everybody is using the roads. Trams and buses taking people to school or to work are traffic. Cars and motorcycles are traffic. People riding bicycles on the roads are traffic. You are a part of the traffic when you walk along the pavement or across the road. Today more people live in cities. As a result, there is a great deal of traffic and many of the roads are too narrow. That is why there are a great many accidents. In cities all over the world thousands of people die or are hurt in traffic accidents. Some people say we must improve our roads. We do it by making them wider and straighter. Accidents often happen on narrow roads or on corners. Drivers cannot see around corners. They cannot see traffic coming towards them. When roads are improved, corners are changed. That is a very good idea to improve the roads.

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Perhaps the most extraordinary building of the 19th century was The Crystal Palace which was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Crystal Palace was different from all other buildings in the world for it was made of iron and glass. It was one of the biggest buildings of all time and a lot of people from many countries came to see it. A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from various parts of the world. There was also a great deal of machinery on display. The most wonderful piece of machinery on show was Nasmyth’s steam hammer. Though in those days, traveling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel from Europe. On arriving in England, they were taken to The Crystal Palace by train. There were six million visitors in all, and by profits from the exhibition were used to build museums and colleges. Later, The Crystal Palace was moved to South London. It remained one of the most famous buildings in the world until it was burnt down in 1936.

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London transport is the largest urban transport organisation in Europe, covering an operating area of over 630 square miles. Each working day, about 2.8 passenger journeys are made on 470 underground trains, which run along 250 miles of route. In addition nearly 4 million passenger trips are made on buses. 100 routes are operated by independent companies under control. 85% of London commuters use public transport.
The London Transport Museum is a unique collection. Frequent special exhibitions focus on particular aspects of transport in London.