Вопрос № 223361 - Английский язык

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For many years, sales of cigarettes in western countries have been falling, because people know more about the dangers of smoking. Because of this, one large tobacco company has increased its marketing activities in Asia and Latin America. In these parts of the world, people know less about the danger to their health from smoking. At the moment, about 150,000 people a year in Latin America die from smoking-related illness. This number is going up every year. The tobacco company knows this, but it continues to sell more and more cigarettes in these countries. The pressure group ASH (Action on Smoking and Health) says tobacco companies use the fact that people don’t understand the dangers. They believe this is unethical as it puts profits before people.
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For many years, sales of cigarettes in western countries have been falling, because people know more about the dangers of …

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Many young urban girls today smoke. While 1_______ is bad for your health at any time, it is particularly so during pregnancy and may result in an underweight, small-size 2_______, and so smoking is best avoided during 3_______. It is amazing how people persist in smoking despite so much warning regarding its hazards.
It is unwise to hold a lighted cigarette while holding the baby. Smoke may also irritate baby and make him 4_______ and sneeze.

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The heart is the strongest 1_______ of the body. Its job is to pump blood through the many miles of linked 2_______, arteries and smaller vessels, which reach out to every part of the human body. The 3_______, in turn, carries oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues and removes waste products. Every minute of the day, the blood is in the 4_______ motion, driven to heart.

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In India medical instruments and methods for using them were known centuries earlier than in Europe. This country was inhabited by an intelligent people; their art, industry and science even in early times had reached a high stage of development. Thus we must admit that Indian medicine, and especially its surgery, had a development in ancient times that was probably quite independent of Greek medicine.
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Where were medical instruments and methods for using them known centuries earlier than in Europe?

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Searching for ways to save wounded limbs, Pirogov arrived at the idea of the rigid plaster cast. Once during a visit to the studio of a sculptor he knew, Pirogov noticed how fast plaster of Paris hardened when spread on fabric, and he realized what an important aid the plaster of Paris could be for surgeons. Pirogov used this cast for the first time in the Caucasian war as early as in 1847. During the heroic defence of Sevastopol in 1854 -1855, working at field hospitals and under shell fire, Pirogov extensively employed the gypsum cast and resection of joints instead of hasty amputations. The rigid plaster is the pride of Russian surgery.
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What is the pride of Russian surgery?

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The great surgeon Pirogov was the initiator of the extensive use of anaesthesia during operations. When elsewhere in Europe anaesthesia was still a secret of individual doctors and a loud advertising hullabaloo was raised around one experimental operation made on January 19, 1847, by the obstetrician Simpson, Pirogov was already engaged in large-scale scientific experiments on painless operations.
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Who was the initiator of the extensive use of anaesthesia during operations?