Вопрос № 223362 - Английский язык

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The human heart contracts from the first moment of life until the last one. The contractions of the heart pump the blood through the arteries to all 1_______ of the body. Physiologists have determined that in the adult the heart makes from 60 to 72 2_______ per minute. In children the rate of heart beat is much higher. Research work has determined that rate of heart beat increases depending on different emotions.
Each beat of the heart is followed by a 3_______ of rest. Each contraction and a period of rest compose a cardiac cycle.
Each cardiac cycle consists of three phases: the first phase of short contraction – the atrial systole, the second phase of a more prolonged contraction – the ventricular systole. The period of rest is called the diastole.
Research 4_______ of many physiologists has estimated the role of the ventricles as the main pump of the human heart.

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Blood is the red fluid that circulates through the body by way of the blood vessels. The adult human body contains between 5 and 6 quarts of blood, weighing about 7 to 8 pounds and accounting for about 5% of the body weight. If about one-third of the blood is lost, death usually occurs (unless the blood is replaced). A pint of blood, however, can be readily spared at proper intervals. Blood in the arteries is bright red in color; blood in the veins is much darker, sometimes a brownish red.
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In India medical instruments and methods for using them were known centuries earlier than in Europe. This country was inhabited by an intelligent people; their art, industry and science even in early times had reached a high stage of development. Thus we must admit that Indian medicine, and especially its surgery, had a development in ancient times that was probably quite independent of Greek medicine.
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Where were medical instruments and methods for using them known centuries earlier than in Europe?

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Searching for ways to save wounded limbs, Pirogov arrived at the idea of the rigid plaster cast. Once during a visit to the studio of a sculptor he knew, Pirogov noticed how fast plaster of Paris hardened when spread on fabric, and he realized what an important aid the plaster of Paris could be for surgeons. Pirogov used this cast for the first time in the Caucasian war as early as in 1847. During the heroic defence of Sevastopol in 1854 -1855, working at field hospitals and under shell fire, Pirogov extensively employed the gypsum cast and resection of joints instead of hasty amputations. The rigid plaster is the pride of Russian surgery.
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What is the pride of Russian surgery?

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The great surgeon Pirogov was the initiator of the extensive use of anaesthesia during operations. When elsewhere in Europe anaesthesia was still a secret of individual doctors and a loud advertising hullabaloo was raised around one experimental operation made on January 19, 1847, by the obstetrician Simpson, Pirogov was already engaged in large-scale scientific experiments on painless operations.
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Who was the initiator of the extensive use of anaesthesia during operations?

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At the beginning of 1847 Pirogov published a major treatise under the modest title of “Records and Physiological Observations of the Action of Ether Vapours on the Animal Organism”. In this work Pirogov describes 50 operations under anaesthesia, 40 cases of anaesthesia of healthy people, and many observations of animals. Pirogov was the first to use ether in removing cancer of the mammary gland.
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What did Pirogov use the first in removing cancer of the mammary gland?