Вопрос № 222844 - Английский язык

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What does the Universal Declaration of Human Rights set out?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, proclaimed by the General Assembly in 1948, sets out basic rights and freedoms to which all women and men are entitled – among them the right to life liberty and nationality, to freedom of thought, conscience and religion to work, to be educated, to take part in government.
Together with the Declaration, these rights constitute the International Bill of Human Rights.
The Declaration laid the groundwork for more than 80 conventions and declarations on human rights, including conventions to eliminate racial discrimination and discrimination against women; conventions on the rights of the child; the status of refugees and the prevention of genocide; and declarations on self-determination, enforced the right to development.

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What does the Convention on the Rights of the Child spell out?
The human rights of children and the standards to which all governments must aspire in realizing these rights for all children, are formulated in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Convention is the most universally accepted human rights instrument in history – it has been ratified by every country in the world except two. By ratifying this instrument, national governments have committed themselves to protecting and ensuring children’s rights.
Built on varied legal systems and cultural traditions, the Convention on the Rights of the Child is a universally agreed set of non-negotiable standards and obligations. It spells out the basic human rights that children everywhere – without discrimination – have: the right to survival; to develop to the fullest; to protection from harmful influences, abuse and exploitation, and to participate fully in family, cultural and social life.
Every right spelled out in the Convention is inherent to the human dignity and harmonious development of every child. The Convention protects children’s rights by setting standards in health care, education and legal, civil and social services. These standards are benchmarks against which progress can be assessed. States that are party to the Convention are obliged to develop and undertake all actions and policies in the light of the best interests of the child.

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Government is the 1_________through which the public will be expressed and made effective. Sometimes the 2__________ will be voiced by the people directly, through the agency of the initiave and referendum, but more often it is made by manifest by action of their elected representatives in 3__________, 4________ and municipal councils.

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There are various ways in which criminal offences may be classified. From the point of view of procedure, criminal 1_________ may be 2________ into indictable, summary and hybrid offences. Indictable offences are those which 3__________ be tried on indictment, i.e. by a jury; this is the only category known to the common law, and it includes all the most 4_________ offences.

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At common law, with few exceptions, every crime is compounded of two 1_________, viz, a certain “actus reus” and a certain “mens rea”. That is to say, the crime 2_______ some form of conduct accompanied by a certain state of mind on the part of the doer. Both the conduct and the mental element differ from crime to 3_________ and can be ascertained only by studying the definition of the 4_________ crime.

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A 1_________ will not be held criminally liable unless his conduct can fairly be regarded as having caused that event which it is the policy of the criminal law to prevent. This gives rise to the very 2_________ problem of causation. The 3_______ cannot be said to have evolved any scientific principles on this subject, and are very much gulded by their sense of fairness in the 4__________ case.