Вопрос № 223067 - Английский язык

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Another type of rectifier is represented by various kinds of two-electrode valves, or diodes. These consist of a glass tube or bulb containing an electron-emmiting member (the cathode) and an electrode (called the anode) which collects the emitted electrons and causes a flow of current so long as it is positive with respect to the cathode. The cathode heater is supplied with a suitable voltage from the transformer secondary to provide the heating necessary for the emission of electrons.

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A diode is a two-element electron tube that consists of a cathode and an anode or plate acting as an electron collector. By applying a positive voltage to the plate of a diode, an electric field is established between cathode and plate that attracts electrons emitted from the cathode to the plate.

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Ultra-violet rays are familiar to most people as the particular art of sunlight that is "health-giving".
The effect of the ultra-violet rays is to produce in the skin the vitamin that is important for the promotion of bone-growth.
The use of these rays in diagnosis is a powerful weapon of medicine.
One of the most valuable uses of ultra-violet rays in industry is the testing of the quality of certain goods.

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It was found that if a sealing-wax rod is rubbed with a woolen cloth, and a rod of glass is rubbed with a silken cloth, an electric spark will pass between the sealing-wax rod and the glass rod when they are brought near one another. Moreover, it was found that a force of attraction operates between them. An electrified sealing-wax is repelled, however, by a wax rod, and also an electrified glass rod is repelled, by a similar glass rod.

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The polarity of a charge may be determined by means of an electroscope. We charge the electroscope negatively by touching the ball with a rod of hard rubber which is rubbed with flannel or silk. If the unknown charge is brought to the electroscope it will induce on the ball a charge of opposite polarity and on the gold leaves a charge of the same polarity as that of the unknown charge. Therefore, if the unknown charge is negative, the gold leaves will repel each other; if it is positive, they will attract.

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Conductors are materials that have a large number of loosely bound valence-ring electrons; these electrons are easily knocked out of their orbit and are then referred to as free electrons. Insulators are materials in which the valence-ring electrons are tightly bound to the nucleus. In between the limits of these two major categories is a third general class of materials called semiconductors.