Вопрос № 223369 - Английский язык

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In the USA there are three levels of organization of medical service: the private doctor, the medical institution or hospital and the United State Public Health Service.
The average American has a doctor of his own, whom he calls his ‘family doctor’. The doctor gives the patient regular examinations, vaccinations and medical advice. This doctor receives pay directly from the patient.
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How many levels of organization of medical service are there in the USA?

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Some people go to private doctors to get private treatment, though this is expensive.
Health service isn’t paid for in the United States. There is no government health service. People buy insurance, but it doesn’t pay for everything. Hospital rooms can cost as much as two hundred dollars a day, and very often the patients have to buy their own necessities. Sometimes they pay for their treatment for the rest of their lives.

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Some Americans with low income have no family doctor. They come directly to the hospital for all their medical needs. Here they are cared for by interns, residents and the doctors who work there.
The considerable cost of medical care has led to the development of two new programmes by the Federal Government – Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare provides free medical care for all the Americans over 65. Medicaid provides free medical care for all whose income is below a certain level.
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Where do some Americans with low income come for all their medical needs?

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In the 17th century dentists tried to make false teeth again. The problem, however, was not making the teeth, it was keeping them in place. They had to tie each tooth to the one either side of it. Only rich people could afford false teeth which were usually made of ivory, gold or silver. As more and more people wanted new teeth to the rich so that they could buy food and clothing.
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What was the problem in the 17th century?

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At one time in England dentists pulled out people’s teeth in public, without giving them anything to stop the pain. Sometimes one of the dentist’s assistants hit a drum loudly so that people in the crowd would not hear the cries of pain. Another assistant held the patient down as the dentist pulled out teeth.
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Why did one of the dentist’s assistants hit a drum loudly?

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During the 18th and 19th centuries, many changes were made to false teeth, though some of these were not really improvements. Towards the end of the 19th century, for example, cheap celluloid teeth were introduced. But they caught fire very easily and a number of men were badly burned when their teeth caught fire while they were smoking cigarettes.
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What had happened to a number of men while they were smoking?