Вопрос № 223371 - Английский язык

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In the USA there are three levels of organization of medical service: the private doctor, the medical institution or hospital and the United State Public Health Service.
The average American has a doctor of his own, whom he calls his ‘family doctor’. The doctor gives the patient regular examinations, vaccinations and medical advice. This doctor receives pay directly from the patient.
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How many levels of organization of medical service are there in the USA?

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In England all the doctors may take part in the Family Doctor System. They may have private practice receiving the pay directly from the patients for their medical advice. Health Service doctors are paid by the government. The pay depends on the number of patients they have served every month. The hospital service includes general and special hospitals, tuberculosis sanatoria, infectious units and all forms of specialized treatment together with the provision of most surgical and medical needs.
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What does the pay depend on?

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In the 17th century dentists tried to make false teeth again. The problem, however, was not making the teeth, it was keeping them in place. They had to tie each tooth to the one either side of it. Only rich people could afford false teeth which were usually made of ivory, gold or silver. As more and more people wanted new teeth to the rich so that they could buy food and clothing.
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What was the problem in the 17th century?

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At one time in England dentists pulled out people’s teeth in public, without giving them anything to stop the pain. Sometimes one of the dentist’s assistants hit a drum loudly so that people in the crowd would not hear the cries of pain. Another assistant held the patient down as the dentist pulled out teeth.
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Why did one of the dentist’s assistants hit a drum loudly?

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During the 18th and 19th centuries, many changes were made to false teeth, though some of these were not really improvements. Towards the end of the 19th century, for example, cheap celluloid teeth were introduced. But they caught fire very easily and a number of men were badly burned when their teeth caught fire while they were smoking cigarettes.
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What had happened to a number of men while they were smoking?

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The greatest of Latin medical writers was without doubt Aulus Cornelius Celsus who lived in Rome at the beginning of our era.
Celsus was an outstanding encyclopedist of his time. Without being a practitioner, he was, however, a friend of physicians, a man of vast culture. He knew natural sciences and medicine and always expressed himself freely on different medical questions. – The complete work of Celsus, called ‘De artibus’, included agriculture, the military art, philosophy as well as medicine. The book that treats medicine, ‘De medicina libri octo’,was probably written in the reign of Tiberus between A.D. 25 and 35. The work was almost ignored by contemporary physicians, perhaps because nearly all of them as Greeks looked down on the work of a Roman. For centuries it was in oblivion. Only in the fifteenth century Celsus’ work on medicine was published in Florence.
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Why was his work ignored by contemporary physicians?