Ответы на тесты по предмету Английский язык (18796 вопросов)

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______ Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

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Privatization
1. Privatization is the process by which the production of goods or services is removed from the government sector of the economy. This has been done in a variety of ways, ranging from the public sale of shares in a previously state-owned enterprise to the use of private businesses to perform government work under contract.
2. The leader in this innovative strategy was the Thatcher government of Great Britain from 1979 to 1990. Previous governments had tried limited denationalization, which is the restoration of nationalized enterprises to their previous owners, but with limited success. Privatization involved totally new owners. In some cases the state enterprises that were «privatized» had never been in the private sector.
3. Governments all over the world were confronted in the seventies by the problems inherent in state ownership. Because state-owned companies have no profit motive, they lack the incentive that private companies have to produce goods that consumers want and to do so at low cost. An additional problem is that even if they want to satisfy consumer demands, they have no way of knowing what consumers want, because consumers indicate their preferences most clearly by their purchases.
Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
The ways of privatization are …

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Plastic Materials
1. Plastic materials are not found in nature. Plastic is formed by extrusion or injection molding under very high pressure. It can be molded into any desired shape. Organic plastics are divided into two general groups: thermosetting and thermoplastic. The thermosetting group becomes rigid through a chemical change that occurs when heat is applied. These plastics cannot be remolded. The thermoplastic group remains soft at high temperatures and must be cooled before becoming rigid. This group is not used generally as a structural material.
2. Plastics are rapidly becoming important construction materials because of their great variety, strength, durability and lightness. Plastics are light. The benefits of light weight coupled with good strength and absence of corrosion offer tremendous potential as alternatives to traditional building materials. A given volume of polythene weights less than one-eighth of an equal volume of iron and less than half of the same volume of aluminum.
3. Plastics are used in the industry and in the household: from rockets and electronics to toys and house ware. Plastic products offer many advantages over the materials they replace, such as ease of handling, lower maintenance costs and rapidity of assembly. The insulation and dielectric properties of plastics led to their early use in the electrical engineering industry, which was followed by special application in mechanical engineering.
4. Using of plastics as materials for a construction in the form of sheets, rods or tubes is substituting the conventional metals. Plastics offer a lot of properties for the designs. Plastics have now been developed to such an extent that they can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundations to the final coat of paint.
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Plastics have found wide application …

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I study at the Cooking Department of the Moscow College of Technologies and Design, so I will be a cooking and catering professional: a cook or technologist.
Every school year we do practice work for 2–3 months. This year our groups have done their practice at the Golden Palace restaurant. This is a large restaurant, which is open 24 hours a day since it is the restaurant by the casino with the same name.
There are three departments within the main shop there – a cold shop, a hot shop and a pastry-cook’s shop. Salads, snacks, sandwiches, cuts of cold meat and fish and desserts are made in the cold shop. Soups, hot meat and fish dishes and sauses are prepared in the hot shop. In the pastry-cook’s shop they make tarts, patties, fancy cakes, etc.
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Salads, snacks, sandwiches, cuts of cold meat and fish and desserts are …

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You live even _____ from the centre than I do.

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The bank has just telephoned me to tell me that they are unable to pay your _________.

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Student: “I’d like to fix an appointment with the principal for tomorrow.”

Secretary: “_______________________”

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I’m supposed to wear a suit to work but sometimes I come in _____ clothes.

Washington, DC is the capital of the United States of America. It is situated in the mouth of the Potomac River, in the District of Columbia (DC), not belonging to any state. The city is unique in its own way – it was specially designed as the capital of the USA. The architect, who drew up the plan of the city, Pierre L’Enfant, wanted it to be very convenient. The place for the capital was chosen by the first president, George Washington, and in 1800 the Government moved there.
There are a lot of Governmental offices, but probably the best known, as well as the most important for the country’s life are the White House and the Capitol. The White House is the official residence of the President of the United States. It was built in 1799. It is a three-storeyed house where the President and his family live. At the same time it is the place where official receptions are held and the administration gathers for the meetings. The Capitol is the seat of the Congress.
The city of Washington, DC is rather large and very beautiful, being at the same time different from all the other cities in the USA, because there are no skyscrapers. According to the law, no house in Washington, DC must be higher than the Capitol.
Washington, DC has the population of about 900,000 people. Being the administrative centre of the country, it doesn’t have any industry. There is a lot to be seen: Thomas Jefferson Memorial, the Library of Congress, the Washington Monument and much more.
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The property of attracting iron is called

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The main attention of health service in Russia is paid to prophylaxis. One of the most important tasks in the fight against different diseases is the early detection of the first signs of the disease. We pay much attention to the popularization of medical science among the population. We believe that one of the main available methods of preventing the spread of diseases is health education. The press, cinema, radio and television are very helpful for this purpose.
Ответьте на вопрос
What is one of the main available methods of preventing the spread of diseases?

The physiological capacities within organisms that provide inputs for perception are …

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There is a shortage of jobs on the west coast.

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When young people choose the profession of a teacher, it is always necessary to bear in mind that teaching is a very difficult job. It implies great responsibility and a lot of activities of different kind both in class and at home. There are always a lot of copybooks to be corrected, plans to be written, and problems to be discussed. In fact, there are no days off for a teacher: he or she is constantly occupied with thoughts about school, lessons and pupils. This is why it is often said that teacher’s job is very specific.

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Woman: Mr Granger, I’d like you to meet Nick Thomas, from our Boston office.
Mr Granger: _____________

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Harry: .Did you enjoy the seminar?.

Visitor: .__________________.

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I advised him _______ after the party.

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 _____ is a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position.

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Cesare Lombroso
1. Professor Lombroso is a criminologist whose views, though not altogether correct, caused a lot of interest and made other people look into the problem of crime in a more scientific way. He is regarded as the father of the scientific study of criminals, or criminology. Lombroso studied at the universities of Padua, Vienna, and Paris, and later he became a professor of psychiatry and forensic medicine, a director of a mental asylum.
2. In an enormous book called The Criminal, he set out the idea that there is a definite criminal type, who can be recognized by his or her appearance. Some of what he said is difficult to believe. For example, he said that left-handed persons have a criminal instinct. Among the things he considered important were the shape of the head, colour of the hair, the eyes, the curve of the chin and forehead and if the ears stick out.
3. Lombroso's theories were widely influential in Europe for a time, but his emphasis on hereditary causes of crime was later strongly rejected in favour of environmental factors. Lombroso tried to reform the Italian penal system, and he encouraged more humane and constructive treatment of convicts through the use of work programs intended to make them more productive members of society.
Содержанию текста соответствует утверждение …

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She went to work _______ she had a cold.

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Woman: “I’m Laura Miles from London office. How do you do!”

Man: “____________________”

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Enforcing the law
1. Governments have many ways to be sure that citizens obey the law. They explain to the public what the law is and try to provide social support for law and order. They use police forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals. They use courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others. And they try to reeducate and reform people who have broken the law. Which of these is most effective in enforcing the law?
 2. The laws of all countries are in written records – the legal codes of countries, etc. Many people do not know where to find these records. But ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it. Governments usually expect citizens to know the laws. However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving, which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior. In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law, even if he doesn't know exactly which law it is.
Определите основную идею текста.

Подберите слова, противоположные по значению
1. beautiful
2. useful
3. often
4. always

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_____ is trees and undergrowth covering a large area.

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The main symptoms of tetanus are stiffness of jaw, spasms and convulsions, difficulty in swallowing. The cause of the disease is a bacillus. The incubation period is from 5 days to 2 weeks. The disease is not communicable from person to person. The patients of all the ages are susceptible to the disease. The patient with tetanus should be hospitalized and the wound should be cleaned immediately. A doctor must use tetanus toxoid separate or in DPT to treat the patient.

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                                  Landmark Inventions of the Millennium
1. The last 1,000 years have produced an incredible number and variety of scientific and technological breakthroughs – but which of these were the most important? Narrowing a list of the thousands of inventions made since the year 1000 to the ten greatest requires some exact criteria. The qualifying inventions either provided radically new ways to do an important job, or they made possible tasks that were previously unimagined. Their impact was felt, if not right away then eventually, by a large portion of humanity. These developments have made possible significant new technological innovations and scientific discoveries. And finally, they have had an enduring effect on the world.
2. The inventions that meet these criteria, in chronological order, are the compass, the mechanical clock, the glass lens, the printing press, the steam engine, the telegraph, electric power, wireless communications, antibiotics, and the transistor. Missing from this list are many extremely significant technological advances, including the airplane, telephone, automobile, and computer. In many cases these inventions were omitted because they are based on earlier developments or breakthroughs.
3. In considering the ten most significant inventions of the past 1,000 years, a subtle distinction must be made: the difference between «invention» and «discovery» is not as clear as one might think. A discovery can be as simple as the observation of a previously unnoticed phenomenon, while an invention is a human-devised machine, tool, or apparatus that did not previously exist.
Определите основную идею текста.

Заполните пропуски, выбрав нужное прилагательное
1. Ann is a very _____ cook.
2. Be _____ boy and play quietly.
3. Ann plays the piano _____ than the other girls.
4. He is one of _____ actors in our theatre.

Употребите нужный предлог
I was born __________ May 14th.

We did badly in the Japanese market so eventually we decided to cut our _______ and stop.

Выберите слова или сочетания слов для заполнения пропусков так, чтобы они отражали особенности оформления служебной записки
        (1) _____:    Sales representatives
        From       :    Sales manager
        (2) _____:    Sales meeting
        Date        :     22 May

        A meeting of sales representatives will be held in the Sales Manager’s Office in Bee Street on Monday 22 May at 10.00 a.m. Everyone is requested to arrange their (3) _____ so that they will be free to attend.
        (4) _____

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John left his job because he was _______ to deal with such a large amount of work.

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Professor: «Revise Chapter 5 before testing».
Student: «_______________».

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A.: «Excuse me for being late. The traffic was very heavy».
B.: «_______________».

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Who Are Currency Speculators?
1. They are financial swashbucklers, ready to throw down fortunes betting that a certain currency may rise or fall. Among the most successful swashbucklers are George Soros and Julian Robertson, who each control multibillion- dollar portfolios. Soros is known in London as “the man who broke the Bank of England”, for on September 16, 1992, Black Wednesday, Soros bet that Britain would give up trying to maintain the value of the pound against the D-mark. Soros kept his bet on a cheaper pound even after the chancellor of exchequer promised that Britain would not flee, and even after the Bank of England sharply boosted interest rates and spent $30 billion to defend the pound. Soros's fund apparently earned a billion dollars from the British bet.
2. Not all risky bets turn out so well. In early 1994, Soros admitted that his fund lost about $600 million by betting incorrectly that the dollar would strengthen against the yen, along with watching some other investments turn sour. After all, Soros made his billion dollars off of Britain because the politicians were trying to maintain a currency arrangement that imperiled the feeble British economy by propping rates up too high.
3. For all the glamour, players in the currency markets get by on hard work and tough analysis. Before speculators place their bets, they try to figure out the answers to key questions like, Is the central bank acting responsibly on monetary policy? Is the government allowing social spending to spin out of control beyond the means of the taxpayers? Are the politicians honestly portraying the country's ability to meet its debts? If the answer to any of these questions is no, the currency traders will swoop down and dump the nation's currency until leaders deliver honest answers.
4. Ultimately, the currency is a symbol of country's credibility and integrity. The international financial markets stand ready to discipline and expose fraudulent governments.
Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

Sue was offered a job of a translator but she turned …

Употребите нужное местоимение.
I spent the summer of 1986 in the south. We had a lot of rain _______ summer.

Употребите нужное местоимение.
There are new houses on _______ side of the street.

There are cultural reasons for learning a language of another country: it helps one understand its culture. It is a fundamental truth that cultures define themselves through languages, and language becomes a peephole look at the nation’s culture, its traditions and its history. Italian film director Federico Fellini says, “A different language is a different vision of life”. It is only when one perceives something the way it is expressed, he/ she can be said to have “understood” the expression. Seen like that, learning a language is almost comparable to a journey of discovery. Conversely, to lose a language is to lose a whole culture. This realization has led to determined efforts to preserve minority languages, including, for example, in Britain, the renaissance of the Welsh and Gaelic languages. There are similar widespread efforts in Britain to promote community languages, for example providing application forms in Urdu or other languages.
If one wants to realize art and literature expressed in other languages, one has to know the languages. True knowledge of a language only can lead to an exact interpretation of a literary work that has been done in a foreign language. Original form of an expression is often lost in its translation, that is why true appreciation of art and literature is possible on accessing it in the language of its own.
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My youngest brother _______ a new job a week ago.

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Cesare Lombroso
1. Professor Lombroso is a criminologist whose views, though not altogether correct, caused a lot of interest and made other people look into the problem of crime in a more scientific way. He is regarded as the father of the scientific study of criminals, or criminology. Lombroso studied at the universities of Padua, Vienna, and Paris, and later he became a professor of psychiatry and forensic medicine, a director of a mental asylum.
2. In an enormous book called The Criminal, he set out the idea that there is a definite criminal type, who can be recognized by his or her appearance. Some of what he said is difficult to believe. For example, he said that left-handed persons have a criminal instinct. Among the things he considered important were the shape of the head, colour of the hair, the eyes, the curve of the chin and forehead and if the ears stick out.
3. Lombroso's theories were widely influential in Europe for a time, but his emphasis on hereditary causes of crime was later strongly rejected in favour of environmental factors. Lombroso tried to reform the Italian penal system, and he encouraged more humane and constructive treatment of convicts through the use of work programs intended to make them more productive members of society.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What was not the sphere of Lombroso’s interests?

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1. Little Peggy is only three, but she can dress _____.
2. How do you feel _____?
3. It is convenient to have an automatic cooker. It turns _____ on and off.
4. Boys, first read the text for _____.

Заполните пропуски, выбрав нужное местоимение
1. They helped _____ to the chocolates.
2. We haven’t decided yet where we’d meet _____.
3. I enjoyed the pictures in the book, but I didn’t like the book _____.
4. We prepared the supper by _____.

Заполните пропуски, выбрав нужное местоимение
1. Alice enjoyed _____ in Scotland.
2. Relax _____ when you dance.
3. Look at the kitten. It is washing _____.
4. Betty, help _____ to sweets and juice.

Употребите нужную форму глагола.
_______ the boys jumping at the moment?

Употребите нужную форму глагола
Do you think it _______ tomorrow?

Определите, является ли утверждение:
Much research activity in educational psychology has focused on developing theories of self-regulated learning and metacognition.

Выберите слово, где окончание читается как [iz]

Соотнесите слова-синонимы
1. land
2. way out
3. to come
4. fast

Образуйте составные имена существительные из двух корней
1. space
2. time
3. video
4. air

If you _______ to see Judie, ask her to phone me.

Соотнесите предлоги с соответствующими словосочетаниями
1. opposite
2. out of
3. at
4. in

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According to Greek legend, the Olympic Games were started by Hercules, son of Zeus, in honour of his father. The first Olympic Games about which we have information were held in 776 BC on the plain of Olympia. Games had taken place before this date but had consisted mainly of chariot races. The ancient Greeks thought the Games were so important that they measured time by the interval between them. A period of four years was referred to as an Olympiad. The Games also represented the Greek ideal of physical fitness and beauty, which they considered as important as the development of the mind. Nothing, not even war, was allowed to interfere with the Games. They were held continuously every four years for more than 1000 years until the Romans brought them to an end in AD 394.
Закончите предложение
The first Olympic Games were held in 776 BC _________________.

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Sсhool psychology
1. School psychologists deal largely with psychological testing and student consultation in elementary and secondary schools. Psychological testing is the systematic use of tests to quantify psychological behaviour, abilities, and problems and to make predictions about psychological performance. Tests fall into three general categories.
2. An aptitude test is to measure one’s level of intelligence. An intelligence quotient (IQ) test is a good example of this type. By measuring an individual’s IQ, the test-giver hopes to predict the subject’s future ability to learn and reason. A second category is the achievement test, which assesses the subject’s present level of academic or intellectual accomplishment. Tests of personality form the third general category. A personality test is to reveal a person’s moods, attitudes, opinions, motivations, and style of thinking, speaking, and acting. Personality tests are used by mental health clinics and psychiatric to help diagnose mental disorders.
3. Counseling is the process of helping a student discover and develop his educational, vocational, and psychological potentialities and thereby to achieve an optimal level of personal happiness and social usefulness. The counselor`s goal is generally to orient the student toward opportunities that can best guarantee fulfillment of his personal needs and aspirations. The counselor usually attempts to clarify the student`s own thinking rather than to solve his problems.
Ответьте на вопрос:
How can a student get advice promoting his successful social life?

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THE “FIVE M’S”

1. Production management’s responsibilities are summarized by the “five M’s”: men, machines, methods, materials, and money. “Men” refers to the human element in operating systems. Since the vast majority of manufacturing personnel work in the physical production of goods, “people management” is one of the production manager’s most important responsibilities.

2. The production manager must choose the machines and methods of the company, first selecting the equipment and technology to be used in the manufacture of the product or service and then planning and controlling the methods and procedures for their use. The flexibility of the production process and the ability of workers to adapt to equipment and schedules are important issues in this phase of production management.

3. The production manager’s responsibility for materials includes the management of flow processes—both physical (raw materials) and information (paperwork). The smoothness of resource movement and data flow is determined largely by the fundamental choices made in the design of the product and in the process to be used.

4. The manager’s concern for money is explained by the importance of financing and asset utilization to most manufacturing organizations. A manager who allows excessive inventories to build up or who achieves level production and steady operation by sacrificing good customer service and timely delivery runs the risk that overinvestment or high current costs will wipe out any temporary competitive advantage. Although the five M’s capture the essence of the major tasks of production management, control summarizes its single most important issue. The production manager must plan and control the process of production so that it moves smoothly and meets cost and quality objectives. Process control has two purposes: first, to ensure that operations are performed according to plan, and second, to monitor and evaluate the production plan to see if it can be modified.

‘Production management’, Encyclopaedia Britannica Deluxe Edition, 2004 CD-ROM
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация

Production process that runs without a hitch is the principle aim of a production manager.

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The workers ______ the road by the end of the year.

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Teacher (subordinate): «I hope I didn’t keep you waiting».
Dean: «_____________».

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Jane _______ still be in her office, but she usually leaves before six.

Преобразуйте прямую речь в косвенную
“Do you smoke?”
He asked me.

Употребите нужный артикль, где это возможно
_______ Life is beautiful!

Geriatric psychology focuses on the health and well-being of the _______.

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She was the first woman to cross _____ Atlantic in a canoe.

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- You _______ hard today.
- Yes, I’ve got a lot to do.

Заполните пропуск
You _______ have informed the clients in advance. Why didn't you do that?

Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
Concorde, the world’s fastest passenger plane, was developed by France and Britain together. 1_______. £1.5 billion was spent on developing Concorde and it was tested for over 5,000 hours, which makes it the most tested plane in history. 2_______. Concorde holds many world records, including the fastest crossing of the Atlantic from New York to London, which was achieved in 2 hours 45 seconds! Flying at twice the speed of sound means that flying time is reduced by half, which is why the Concorde flight between London and New York is used a lot by business people and film stars – you can leave Britain at 10.30 and arrive in New York an hour earlier! 3_______. But there are no plans to build any more. 4_______!

Выберите неисчисляемое существительное.

Употребите нужную форму имени прилагательного.
He is _______ than my sister.

Употребите нужное местоимение.
Ann has got a dog. _______ dog is very funny.

Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
When most people think of agriculture, they perceive it as farmers producing animals and crops. Agriculture is often thought of as “cows, sows, and plows” or “weeds, seeds, and feeds”. But agriculture has changed. For years agriculture was farming, as previously stated. Nearly everyone lived on farms, and farmers were self-sufficient. Very few manufactured supplies and materials were available. Today, however, agriculture is a technology-oriented industry that includes production, agriscience, and agribusiness.

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A _____ is a formal written agreement, drawn up between two sides.

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Charter schools of the USA
1. Charter schools are public schools that are independent of any local school district. National surveys of charter school have found high levels of satisfaction among parents, pupils and teachers associated with then. Charter schools were especially well received by poor and minority families.
2. Charter school is a movement toward school reform that focuses on improving education, pupil autonomy and choice. A charter school may be a separate school with separate funding, or it can be a school within a school. Typically, most new charter schools around the country are small.
3. The quality is measured by test scores. If the quality is good, the schools enjoy success. If it is not good, they'll fail and lose their financing – this is a powerful motive to offer a high-quality program. Charter schools are usually formed by a group of teachers, parents, and/or community leaders who want to make contributions to education reform.      
Определите основную идею текста.

Антонимом к слову to decrease является …

 Антонимом к слову modern является ...

Буква u под ударением будет читаться как [ju:] в слове…

The department has a ______ of € 35,000 for corporate events this year.

I'd like to ________ you to Lisa, our sales manager.

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We use metals for a variety of engineering purposes. Some metals have ductile properties. If a metal is ductile, it can be pressed into a new shape. Copper is an example of this. It is a ductile metal because it can be stretched into another shape. Lead can be also pressed into a new shape.
Copper is a good conductor of electricity. We often use it for electrical conductors. And lead can be used for electrical cables because it resists corrosion.
Cast iron is unlike copper and lead. Its shape cannot be altered and it is not able to resist corrosion.
Ответьте на вопрос
What kind of conductor is copper?

Употребите нужную форму имени прилагательного.
Tom came home _______ than Jack.

Выберите антоним к слову truth.

I can hear a noise; I think _______ is outside.

Выберите слово, где произношение ударного гласного соответствует звуку [o:]

Выберите антоним к слову kindness

Употребите нужную форму имени прилагательного
It wasn’t very warm yesterday. It is _______ today.

He's going to take _______ that job offer and move to the office in London.

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Insurance
1. Insurance plays a central role in the functioning of modern economies. Life insurance offers protection against the economic impact of an untimely death; health insurance covers the sometimes extraordinary costs of medical care; and bank deposits are insured by the federal government. In each case a small premium is paid by the insured to receive benefits should an unlikely but high-cost event occur.
2. An understanding of insurance must begin with the concept of risk, or the variation in possible outcomes of a situation. A shipment of goods to Europe might arrive safely or might be lost in transit. A person may incur zero medical expenses in a good year, but if he is struck by a car, they could be upward of $100,000.
3. We cannot eliminate risk from life, even at extraordinary expense. Paying extra for double-hulled tankers still leaves oil spills possible. The only way to eliminate auto-related injuries is to eliminate automobiles. Thus, the effective response to risk combines two elements: efforts or expenditures to lessen the risk, and the purchase of insurance against the risk that remains.
Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

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Insurance
1. Insurance plays a central role in the functioning of modern economies. Life insurance offers protection against the economic impact of an untimely death; health insurance covers the sometimes extraordinary costs of medical care; and bank deposits are insured by the federal government. In each case a small premium is paid by the insured to receive benefits should an unlikely but high-cost event occur.
2. An understanding of insurance must begin with the concept of risk, or the variation in possible outcomes of a situation. A shipment of goods to Europe might arrive safely or might be lost in transit. A person may incur zero medical expenses in a good year, but if he is struck by a car, they could be upward of $100,000.
3. We cannot eliminate risk from life, even at extraordinary expense. Paying extra for double-hulled tankers still leaves oil spills possible. The only way to eliminate auto-related injuries is to eliminate automobiles. Thus, the effective response to risk combines two elements: efforts or expenditures to lessen the risk, and the purchase of insurance against the risk that remains.
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Who pays a premium to get insurance?

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Nelson’s monument – a tall column with the figure of Nelson at its top – is in ______.

A window built in a sloping roof is а …

Употребите нужное местоимение.
I have _______ dresses.

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Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
1. The architecture of Byzantium, or Eastern Roman Empire, was the culmination of Early Christian architecture. This style can be traced back to the period after 330 BC. The art characteristic of the developed Byzantine Empire had enormous influence on both East and West, spread widely and lasted throughout the Middle Ages until the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453.
2. The dominant Byzantine art was architecture. It was characterized by round arches, elaborate columns, richness in decorative elements and colour. But the chief contribution of the Byzantine style to the architecture of the world was large pendentive-supported dome. Brick was the main material used for the construction of Byzantine churches. It was covered externally with plaster and internally with thin marble facing and mosaics above.
3. The Byzantine style reached a high point in the reign of the Emperor Justinian (527-565). He built and rebuilt 26 churches, many hospitals, bridges aqueducts, and fortress. The outstanding masterpiece of Byzantine church architecture is Hagia or Saint Sophia in Constantinople (now Istanbul). Hagia Sophia remained unique and no attempts were thereafter made by Byzantine Builders to emulate it. Its chief feature is the huge dome, approximately 32.6 m in diameter, rising 56 m above the floor. It’s carried on pendentives. There are also half-domes at two ends which are, in turn, carried by smaller semidomed exedrae. The interior surface of the edifice is richly decorated.
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How were external walls of Byzantine churches finished?

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Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
1. The architecture of Byzantium, or Eastern Roman Empire, was the culmination of Early Christian architecture. This style can be traced back to the period after 330 BC. The art characteristic of the developed Byzantine Empire had enormous influence on both East and West, spread widely and lasted throughout the Middle Ages until the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453.
2. The dominant Byzantine art was architecture. It was characterized by round arches, elaborate columns, richness in decorative elements and colour. But the chief contribution of the Byzantine style to the architecture of the world was large pendentive-supported dome. Brick was the main material used for the construction of Byzantine churches. It was covered externally with plaster and internally with thin marble facing and mosaics above.
3. The Byzantine style reached a high point in the reign of the Emperor Justinian (527-565). He built and rebuilt 26 churches, many hospitals, bridges aqueducts, and fortress. The outstanding masterpiece of Byzantine church architecture is Hagia or Saint Sophia in Constantinople (now Istanbul). Hagia Sophia remained unique and no attempts were thereafter made by Byzantine Builders to emulate it. Its chief feature is the huge dome, approximately 32.6 m in diameter, rising 56 m above the floor. It’s carried on pendentives. There are also half-domes at two ends which are, in turn, carried by smaller semidomed exedrae. The interior surface of the edifice is richly decorated.
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The character traits of Byzantine architecture are …

Выберите нужный префикс, чтобы образовать слово от предложенного national.

Выберите неисчисляемое существительное.

The process of gaining and assimilating knowledge, skills and habits through individual experience and study is …

He gave _____ the idea of convincing her. It was useless.

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The main symptoms of tonsillitis are fever, cough, sore throat. The cause of the disease is a streptococcus. The incubation period is 2-5 days. The patients of all ages are susceptible to the disease. To treat the patient with tonsillitis we should give penicillin or substitute injections for 10 days. There are no any ways of prevention of tonsillitis.

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Veronique Feldmann
“I work in the Supplements Department. I’m the Advertising Coordinator, and my work is to produce the advertising supplements. A supplement is like a newspaper inside a main newspaper and we call it a “sponsored section” because it is financed by the advertisers. We only have these supplements if we can sell enough advertising. For a sponsored section we think of an idea, then we sell the advertising space and get articles, photographs, illustrations. Then we do the layout. We put the whole supplement together in this department. The supplements don’t appear every day – we usually do about 200 a year.”
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What is a supplement?

Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке

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Planned Economies
1. Planned economies are sometimes called «command economies» because the state commands the use of resources that are used to produce goods and services as it owns factories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions; the government decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system employed varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features.
2. Firstly, the state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead. It is the intention of the planners that there should be enough goods and services for all. Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products.
3. Secondly, industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet. If each factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its targets as set out in the five-year plans. You could think of the factory and farm targets to be objectives, which, if met, allow the nation's overall aim to be reached.
4. A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of deciding what to produce. Command economies tend to be slow when responding to changes in people's tastes and fashions. Planners are likely to underproduce some items as they cannot predict changes in demand. Equally, some products, which consumers regard as obsolete and unattractive, may be overproduced.
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What causes delays and queues for some products?

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His smile was something she ______ before.

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Privatization
1. Privatization is the process by which the production of goods or services is removed from the government sector of the economy. This has been done in a variety of ways, ranging from the public sale of shares in a previously state-owned enterprise to the use of private businesses to perform government work under contract.
2. The leader in this innovative strategy was the Thatcher government of Great Britain from 1979 to 1990. Previous governments had tried limited denationalization, which is the restoration of nationalized enterprises to their previous owners, but with limited success. Privatization involved totally new owners. In some cases the state enterprises that were «privatized» had never been in the private sector.
3. Governments all over the world were confronted in the seventies by the problems inherent in state ownership. Because state-owned companies have no profit motive, they lack the incentive that private companies have to produce goods that consumers want and to do so at low cost. An additional problem is that even if they want to satisfy consumer demands, they have no way of knowing what consumers want, because consumers indicate their preferences most clearly by their purchases.
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What problems do state-owned companies face?