Ответы на тесты по предмету Английский язык (18796 вопросов)

The traits of an effective leader include the following:
1. Emotional stability. Good leaders must be able to tolerate frustration and stress. Overall, they must be well-adjusted and have the psychological maturity to deal with any arising problem.
2. Enthusiasm. Leaders are usually seen as active, expressive, and energetic. They are often very optimistic and open to change. Overall, they are generally quick and alert and tend to be uninhibited.
3. Conscientiousness. Leaders are often dominated by a sense of duty and tend to be very exacting in character. They usually have a very high standard of excellence and an inward desire to do one’s best. They also have a need for order and tend to be very self-disciplined.
Определите основную идею текста.

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A fire _______  during the night.

Употребите нужную видовременную форму глагола в косвенной речи.
Mary said that Paris _______ beautiful in spring.

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Radio waves, light, X-rays, and some cosmic rays - they all belong to the same family. They travel at the velocity of light.
The wave has both electric and magnetic components which are bound together. At the end of its travel the wave gives up energy. The ether waves are those we know as wireless waves.
When the waves are too long they are "seen" as infra-red, when they are too short they are "seen" as ultra-violet. Shorter than thе ultra-violet are X-rays and far shorter than the shortest of these are the "gamma" rays, and finally the cosmic rays.

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Good afternoon!

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The CPU coordinates and _____ the activities of all the other units of a computer.

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Japanese architecture
1. Japanese architecture has a long history similar to that of other aspects of Japanese culture, characterized by periods of interaction with foreign influences interspersed with long periods of isolation during which unique traits developed. Buildings of the Yayoi periods were mostly agricultural residences, with larger buildings and tombs appearing as an aristocracy developed. Wooden buildings from the Asuka period, preserved in Horyuji Temple, were built in the style of Chinese worship halls. Japanese buildings continued to follow the Chinese style of horizontal buildings with heavy tile roofs supported by timber frames, but developed unique characteristics reflecting Buddhist values.
2. During the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the samurai expanded the compounds of the aristocracy to include living quarters for military personnel. Eventually, (daimyo) warlords built castles from which to defend their domains. During the Tokugawa era, when there were no military conflicts, many daimyo built large residences and parks in the city of Edo for their families.
3. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan began to build European-style buildings. The widespread destruction of Japanese cities during World War II cleared the way for the construction of large numbers of steel-framed, box-shaped utilitarian buildings, which provoked an adverse reaction during the 1970s, leading to a variety of new styles and architectural treatments incorporating traditional elements into modern designs. Japan’s best-known modern architects include Kenzo Tange, Maekawa Kunio, Fumihiko Maki, Isozaki Arata, and Tadao Ando. 4. Japanese architecture has influenced Western architecture with its emphasis on simplicity, horizontal lines, and flexible spaces. Frank Lloyd Wright was strongly influenced by Japanese spatial arrangements and the concept of interpenetrating exterior and interior space, long achieved in Japan by using walls made of sliding doors that opened onto covered verandas and gardens.
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What is characteristic of Japanese architecture nowadays?

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He admitted _______ he hadn’t studied at all.

Употребите нужную видовременную форму глагола в косвенной речи.
He asked us when we _______ free.

I'm always by my attempt of speaking Greek.

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Evolution
1. A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops through evolution, and that all life-forms known have a common origin. Introduced into the scientific lexicon by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck in 1809, Charles Darwin established evolution fifty years later as a viable theory by articulating its driving force: natural selection. Evolution is now used to explain the great variations of life found on Earth.
Darwin theorized that species and breeds developed through the processes of natural selection and artificial selection or selective breeding.
2. The evolutionary history of the species – which describes the characteristics of the various species from which it descended – together with its genealogical relationship to every other species is known as its phylogeny. Widely varied approaches to biology generate information about phylogeny. These include the comparisons of DNA sequences conducted within molecular biology or genomics, and comparisons of fossils or other records of ancient organisms in paleontology.
3. The theory of evolution postulates that all organisms on the Earth, both living and extinct, have descended from a common ancestor or an ancestral gene pool. This last universal common ancestor of all organisms is believed to have appeared about 3.5 billion years ago.
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Zworykin’s most critical invention was the first iconoscope camera tube, which he patented in 1923. The key to its success was the fact that its silvered-mica photocathodes stored the charges induced by the image that was focussed on them until the scanning electron beam simultaneously neutralized the charges and modulated itself.
A year after he invented the iconoscope, Zworykin invented the kinescope - a TV picture tube - thus becoming responsible for both the key transmitting and receiving elements of electronic television.

Although each school in England decides its own _______, they must include certain compulsory subjects.

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The expected _____ of unemployment this year is higher than the previous one.

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_____ usually shows that you are interested in what the person is saying.

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Harvard University is the oldest institution of higher _____ in the USA.

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The Princess lives in a palace in _______ London.

Chickenpox begins with fever, slight headache and listlessness. Within a day or two spots appear on the chest or back, which soon look like small blisters. Such new “crops” keep appearing for 2–3 days and older ones get scabbed over. There is a lot of itching and the child may scratch some of the blisters. Chickenpox is usually a mild disease and there is no particular treatment, except to keep the skin clean and use some soothing lotion for itching. The itching can also be relieved by bathing the child with a small quantity of soda 2–3 times а dау. Antihistamine syrup to relieve itching should only be given under medical advice.
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The itching can be relieved by bathing the child with a small quantity of soda …

Употребите нужную форму глагола
Jim is on holiday. He has ____ to Italy.

When a buyer has chosen the house, he has a lawyer to draw up a contract. This document states the legal definition of the property, gives the purchase price and demands proof of owner. It also includes other important information, such as the fixtures that are to remain in the house and the time when the purchaser will take possession.
The buyer pays a deposit when he signs the contract. The deposit binds the seller to the terms of the contract.
Содержанию текста соответствуют утверждения …

Problem _______ occurs when an individual needs to move from a given state to a desired goal state.

A standardized requirement for an individual to properly perform a specific job is …

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                                                      Preservice education
1. The first stage of preservice education is the study of one or more principal subjects that the student is preparing to teach. For example, students in many colleges of education in England study only one principal subject, to which they devote about one-third of their total time. In the United States, the first two years of college or university work may include some principal subjects. Both patterns have their critics, the first because it produces narrow intellectual specialists, the second because it encourages dilettantism and inadequate depth.
2. The second stage of preservice education includes the study of philosophy, sociology, history of education, and educational psychology. These courses contribute to the student’s general education and personal development as well as providing him with knowledge of differences in individual educability or educational opportunity.
3. The third stage of preservice education includes the study of teaching methods, that is, the set of special methods and principles that are used when teaching a particular subject. 4. The last stage of preservice education is teaching practice, usually carried own in model schools attached to colleges or universities. For example, a typical model school for medical students is a teaching hospital, where they receive practical training from experienced doctors.
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The stage of preservice education when students study the basis of methodology is the …

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_____ liberated the patient from the pain of surgery and enabled the surgeon to perform more extensive operations.

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A _____ is a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease.

In telecommunication the term _________ means the rapid changing of the frequency of an electromagnetic wave which is also commonly used in sonar and radar.

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A school that offers an unconventional learning experience, usually characterized by _______ teaching methods is an alternative school.

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Unlike digital computers - which started out as mechanical devices and then went through a brief electromechanical period during the 1930s, finally becoming electronic only in the 1940s - television was an electrical medium from the very beginnings.
Attempts to send images over distances with the use of electricity date to 1876, the year Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.

Какая реплика больше всего подойдет в следующей ситуации общения:
Student 1: ‘Let’s go to the library and take the necessary books’.
Student 2: “_______________”

Canadians honour those who served in wartime on …

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             The Dichotomy of Inpatient and Outpatient Internal Medicine
1. The hospital environment has transformed dramatically over the past few decades. In more recent times, emergency departments and critical care units have evolved to identify and manage critically ill patients, allowing them to survive formerly fatal diseases. There is increasing pressure to reduce the length of stay in the hospital and to manage complex disorders in the outpatient setting. This transition has been driven not only by efforts to reduce costs but also by the availability of new outpatient technologies, such as imaging and percutaneous infusion catheters for long-term antibiotics or nutrition, and by evidence that outcomes are often improved by minimizing inpatient hospitalization.
2. Hospitals now consist of multiple distinct levels of care, such as the emergency department, procedure rooms, overnight observation units, critical care units, and palliative care units, in addition to traditional medical beds. Clearly, one of the important challenges in internal medicine is to maintain continuity, of care and information flow during these transitions, which threaten the traditional one-to-one relationship between patient and physician.
3. In the current environment, teams of physicians, specialists, and other health care professionals have often replaced the personal interaction between doctor and patient. The patient can benefit greatly from effective collaboration among a number of health care professionals; however, it is the duty of the primary physician to provide cohesive guidance through an illness. In order to meet this challenge, the primary physician must be familiar with the techniques, skills, and objectives of specialist physicians and allied health professionals.
Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
The problem of internal medicine today …

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                                                    Agriculture
1. Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture is also observed in certain species of ant and termite, but generally speaking refers to human activities.
2. The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. However, all farming generally relies on techniques to expand and maintain the lands suitable for raising domesticated species. For plants, this usually requires some form of irrigation, although there are methods of dryland farming; pastoral herding on rangeland is still the most common means of raising livestock. In the developed world, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has become the dominant system of modern farming.
3. Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pig farming have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal cruelty and the health effects of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production.
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                                                    Agriculture
1. Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture is also observed in certain species of ant and termite, but generally speaking refers to human activities.
2. The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. However, all farming generally relies on techniques to expand and maintain the lands suitable for raising domesticated species. For plants, this usually requires some form of irrigation, although there are methods of dryland farming; pastoral herding on rangeland is still the most common means of raising livestock. In the developed world, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has become the dominant system of modern farming.
3. Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pig farming have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal cruelty and the health effects of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production.
Определите основную идею текста.

He’s never late, and he’s never early; he always arrives right ________ time!

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Channels of Marketing
1. Individual consumers and corporate buyers are aware that thousands of goods and services are available through a very large number of diverse channel outlets. What they may not be well aware of is the fact that the channel structure, or the set of institutions, agencies, and establishments through which the product must move to get to them, can be amazingly complex.
2. Usually, institutions specializing in manufacturing, wholesaling, retailing, and many other areas join forces in marketing channel arrangements to make possible the delivery of goods to industrial users or customers and to final consumers. The same is true for the marketing of services. For example, in the case of health care delivery, hospitals, laboratories, insurance companies, and drugstores combine efforts in an organized channel arrangement to ensure the delivery of a critical service.
3. Therefore, marketing channels can be viewed as sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption. Not only do marketing channels satisfy demand by supplying goods and services at the right place, quantity, quality, and price, but they also stimulate demand through the promotional activities of the units (e.g., retailers, manufacturers' representatives, sales offices, and wholesalers) comprising them.
4. The major focus of marketing channel management is on delivery. Producers of goods (including manufacturers of industrial and consumer goods, legislators, educational administrators and insurance companies) are individually capable of generating only form or structural utility for their «products».
Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
Marketing channels raise demand through the joint efforts of …

Дополните диалог:
Tanya: You look rather pale, Marina. Are you ill?
Marina: I hope not. But as a matter of fact, I have a 1_______.
Tanya: Did you take your temperature?
Marina: I did and I found that I had a slight temperature.
Tanya: Let me have a look at your tongue and feel your 2_______. Show me your tongue. It is coated, and your pulse is rapid and irregular. Besides, you have a sore throat.
Marina: I see, that’s why I am feeling 3_______.
Tanya: I think you have caught a bad flu (influenza). You’d better see a 4_______.

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Sarah _______ jogging in order to lose weight.

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When computers were first introduced in the 1940’s and 50’s, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer’s hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born.
Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.
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Today, operating systems control and manage the use of …

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The plane _____ in thirty-five minutes.

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                                                               Law
1. Law in common parlance means a rule which (unlike a rule of ethics) is capable of enforcement through institutions. The study of law crosses the boundaries between the social sciences and humanities, depending on one's view of research into its objectives and effects. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. It has been defined as a «system of rules», as an «interpretive concept» to achieve justice, as an «authority» to mediate people's interests, and even as "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction".
2. However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy incorporates the practical manifestation of thinking from almost every social sciences and humanity. Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas.
3. Law tells many of history's stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law, company law and many more can have long lasting effects on the distribution of wealth.
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When was Stephen King involved in a terrible accident?
Stephen King is a very famous author today but it was not always that way. He had to work hard to become successful, like most writers. Until he began to make money from his writing, he worked in a laundry and then later as a teacher. Although his stories are full of strange characters and terrifying events, at the same time they seem to be very realistic to most readers.
A few years ago, King himself was involved in a terrible accident. He was walking along a country road when he saw a car coming towards him. It was moving dangerously from one side of the road to the other almost as it was no one driving it. In fact, there was a driver but he was drunk. Although King tried as hard as he could to get out of the way, the car hit him. The driver was not hurt but behaved as if he didn’t care at all.
King said later that he felt just like a victim in one of his novels. The man even looked like someone King had once written about. It took Stephen King more than a year to recover from the accident and even things he had always loved doing, like writing, were almost impossible for him.

I suppose we really to book our ferry tickets in advance 

He left the room without ____ for a reply 

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Evolution
1. A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops through evolution, and that all life-forms known have a common origin. Introduced into the scientific lexicon by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck in 1809, Charles Darwin established evolution fifty years later as a viable theory by articulating its driving force: natural selection. Evolution is now used to explain the great variations of life found on Earth.
Darwin theorized that species and breeds developed through the processes of natural selection and artificial selection or selective breeding.
2. The evolutionary history of the species – which describes the characteristics of the various species from which it descended – together with its genealogical relationship to every other species is known as its phylogeny. Widely varied approaches to biology generate information about phylogeny. These include the comparisons of DNA sequences conducted within molecular biology or genomics, and comparisons of fossils or other records of ancient organisms in paleontology.
3. The theory of evolution postulates that all organisms on the Earth, both living and extinct, have descended from a common ancestor or an ancestral gene pool. This last universal common ancestor of all organisms is believed to have appeared about 3.5 billion years ago.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the essence of the evolution theory?

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Water is not used in refrigerators. Why?
Water is not used in refrigerators because it evaporates too slowly. Ether, another refrigerant, is never used in domestic refrigerators since it is both poisonous and inflammable. However, it is sometimes used for industrial refrigeration because it evaporates very fast. Freon is usually used in domestic refrigerators as it evaporates fast, is non-toxic, and non-flammable.

Water is not used in refrigerators because it evaporates too slowly. Ether, another refrigerant, is never used in domestic refrigerators since it is both poisonous and inflammable. However, it is sometimes used for industrial refrigeration because it evaporates very fast. Freon is usually used in domestic refrigerators as it evaporates fast, is non-toxic, and non-flammable.
Правильным переводом подчеркнутого грамматического явления является …

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Electromagnetism and gravity are two basic forces of nature. They are very similar and scientists are trying to unify them. Electromagnetism works in small objects – it attracts the electrons from the atomic nucleus and maintains them in place. Gravity works with big objects – the pull of gravity from the nucleus of the Earth maintains our atmosphere in place. Both, the electrons and the Earth, spin and generate an electric and magnetic field around them. These fields make up our planet’s electromagnetic shield.
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Electromagnetism and gravity …

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Those seeking employment will want to investigate all available possibilities. The following are the main sources of information about job vacancies.
– Job centers.
– Employment agencies.
– Local careers officers.
– Newspaper advertisements.
– Friends and relatives.
Advertisements are the most common way of publicising a job vacancy and inviting applications. Prospective applicants should read the advertisement carefully. Not only it will give important information about the job and the firm, but it may also offer clues of what should be included in the letter of application.
In some cases it may be acceptable to type a letter, in others the advertisement may state that the application should be in “first hand”, in which case the letter should be handwritten, preferably on plain paper. It is sensible to make a rough draft of the proposed letter before writing it out in detail.

Выберите слово, где окончание читается как [t]

Выберите слово, где произношение ударного гласного соответствует звуку [o]

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_____ means tending to produce death or deterioration.

Заполните пропуск, выбрав правильную форму местоимения
1. I don’t have the book that _____ likes.
2. Ann is asleep. Don’t wake _____ up.
3. We have taken our books; has she taken_____?
4. _____ returned from England this week.

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Cognitive psychology
1. Cognitive psychology is a discipline within psychology that investigates the internal mental processes of thought such as visual processing, memory, problem solving, and language. The school of thought arising from this approach is known as cognitivism which is interested in how people mentally represent information processing.
2. Cognitive psychologists use psychophysical and experimental approaches to understand, diagnose, and solve problems, concerning themselves with the mental processes which mediate between stimulus and response.
3. Cognitive science differs from cognitive psychology in that algorithms that are intended to simulate human behavior are implemented or implementable on a computer. In other instances, solutions may be found through insight, a sudden awareness of relationships.
Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

The aim of educational research is to ________ behavioral patterns in pupils, students and teachers.

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                                                    Mixed economies
1. A mixed economy contains elements of both market and planned economies. At one extreme we have a command economy, which does not allow individuals to make economic decisions, at the other extreme we have a free market, where individuals exercise considerable economic freedom of choice without any government restrictions. Between these two extremes lies a mixed economy.
2. In mixed economies some resources are controlled by the government whilst others are used in response to the demands of consumers. Technically, all the economies of the world are mixed. Some countries are nearer to command economies, while others are closer to free market economies.
3. The aim of mixed economies is to avoid the disadvantages of both systems while enjoying the benefits that they both offer. So, in a mixed economy the government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems. The state controls the share of the output through taxation and transfer payments and intervenes to supply essential items such as health, education and defence, while private firms produce cars, furniture, electrical items and similar, less essential products.
4. The UK is a country with mixed economy. Some services are provided by the state (for example, health care and defence) whilst a range of privately owned businesses offer other goods and services.
Определите основную идею текста.

Антонимом к слову a win является …

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ENGINEERING

1. Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The word engine is derived from the Latin root ingenerare, which means «to create». The engines of war were devices such as catapults, floating bridges, and assault towers; their designer was the «engineer», or military engineer. The counterpart of the military engineer was the civil engineer, who applied essentially the same knowledge and skills to designing buildings, streets, water supplies, sewage systems, and other projects.

2. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematised knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer and rate processes, and systems analysis.

3. Unlike the scientist, the engineer is not free to select the problem that interests him; he must solve problems as they arise; his solution must satisfy conflicting requirements. Usually efficiency costs money; safety adds to complexity; improved performance increases weight. The engineering solution is the optimum solution, the end result that is most desirable. It may be the most reliable within a given weight limit, the simplest that will satisfy certain safety requirements, or the most efficient for a given cost. In many engineering problems the social costs are significant.

4. Engineers employ two types of natural resources - materials and energy. Materials are useful because of their properties: their strength, ease of fabrication, lightness, or durability; their ability to insulate or conduct; their chemical, electrical, or acoustical properties. Important sources of energy include fossil fuels, wind, sunlight, falling water, and nuclear fission. Since most resources are limited, the engineer must concern himself with the continual development of new resources as well as the efficient utilisation of existing ones.

(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация

Differences in the functions of scientists and engineers

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Man has always been a builder. The kind of a house he built depended upon the climate, upon the enemies, and upon the building materials at hand. The first houses in many parts of the world were made of wood. Men tied together the tops of several trees and covered them with the skins of animals or with leaves and grass.
In other regions the most convenient building material was stone. Men began building houses out of stone very long ago. Although they were built without cement, the remains of a few of them still exist.

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If you want to become a doctor assistant you should study at the “Curative Affair” 1_______. A doctor assistant of general practice is a highly-trained specialist who works independently in the 2_______, emergency ambulances and hospitals. His main task includes prescription and performance of preventive, curative and diagnostic 3_______. The graduates of this department are waited for at the 4____ of emergency medical help, in the country-side hospitals and in military hospitals.

Определите, к какому виду делового документа относится представленный ниже отрывок.

Верным утверждением является …

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This is a fairly typical film set. On this film set, the director, John, is the boss. He’s like the managing director of a company. He’s responsible for making sure the film is made on time and to budget. The producer is really in charge of the business. In a normal company, he would be the chairperson. Our producer’s name is Sam and he is responsible to the studio.
There are a lot of people involved in making a film. The camera operator is called Steve. He does all the filming and he’s responsible to John. The sound recordist is Emma - she works closely with Steve. Her job is to record everything the actors say. Then there’s Tony, the electrician. He looks after the equipment. Martin, the grip, organizes all the practical things and deals with any problems.
Finally, there’s me. My name’s Pat and I’m the assistant director. I help John, the director. I’m responsible for the rest of the crew, including Tony and Martin. My job is to make sure that everyone is in the right place at the right time and that they know what to do.
Ответьте на вопрос:
Who is in charge of a film set?

Употребите нужный предлог.
I like to go to the sea _______ September.

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All English universities except Oxford and Cambridge are fairly new. The University of Oxford was the first university in Britain. It was organised in the 12th century as a federation of colleges. They are governed by their own teaching staff known as “Fellows”. The oldest college, University College, was founded in 1249. Other famous colleges are: All Souls (founded in 1438), Christ Church (founded in 1546) and the first women’s college Lady Margaret Hall (founded in 1878). Today, Oxford University consists of 35 separate colleges, of which two are for women students only.
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What are the oldest universities in England?

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The role of play at the lesson
1. Children grow, learn and even investigate the world through play. Play is the basis for discovery, reasoning and thinking. When children are given the freedom to experiment, to make mistakes and then to learn from these mistakes, they are developing skills that will stay with them for life.
2. Children do not differentiate between play, learning and work. Children are playful by nature. They love to play because play is an activity in which any child is open to express his points of view, ideas and thoughts,
3. It is important to notice that games are necessary not just for junior pupils; in senior forms the elements of play must be included into the educating process. So games vary accordingly to the age of children.
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International Law
1. The legal process that concerns relations among nations is called international law. International law serves the international community; international law is about the relations between independent states. It treats them as equals, whatever their population, wealth and power. International law aims at stability in international life and the encouragement of trade and other contacts between states.
2. International law is almost wholly based on custom. The precedents on which it rests are the acts of independent governments in their relations with one another, including treaties and conventions. Behind many of its rules is only a moral sanction: the public opinion of the civilized world. When treaties or conventions are involved, however, machinery to enforce them exists – either an arbitration or conciliation procedure or the submission of the dispute to a regional or international court.
3. A body of rules and principles is observed or at least acknowledged in international relations. These rules concern such matters as territorial titles and boundaries, use of the high seas, limits on war, telecommunication, diplomatic and consular exchange, and use of air space. The major sources of international law on these matters are multilateral treaties, international custom, and such general principles recognized by civilized nations. The United Nations is one of the primary mechanisms that articulate and create international law. The General Assembly and other agencies of the UN bring a combination of diplomacy, negotiation and propaganda to bear on world affairs in ways that produce effective international treaties and affect world opinion. Certain courts also have indirect impact, including the International Court of Justice. Domestic courts in various nations at times also engage in the articulation of international law.
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World Bank
1. World Bank or International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is a multinational institution set up in 1947 to provide economic aid to member countries - mainly developing countries – to strengthen their economics. The Bank has supported a wide range of long-term investments including infrastructure projects such as roads, telecommunications and electricity supply; agriculture and industrial projects including the establishment of new industries, as well as social, training and educational programmes.
2. The Bank's funds come largely from the developed countries, but it also raises money on international capital markets. The Bank operates according to 'business principles' lending at commercial rates of interest only to those governments it feels are capable of servicing and repaying their debts.
3. In 1960, however, it established an affiliate agency, the International Development Association, to provide low-interest loans to its poorer members. Another affiliate of the World Bank is the International Finance Corporation which can invest directly in companies by acquiring shares.
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Another name of World Bank is …

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1) Chisel the 1_______.
2) Loosen the 2_______.
3) Pick the 3_______ up.
4) Hammer the 4_______.

Выберите слово, в котором под ударением буква e будет читаться как [iə].

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How ___________ names are there on the list?

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Vacuum
1. Evangelista Torricelli produced the first laboratory vacuum in 1643, and other experimental techniques were developed as a result of his theories of atmospheric pressure. A torricellian vacuum is created by filling a tall glass container closed at one end with mercury and then inverting the container into a bowl to contain the mercury.
2. The quality of a vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Residual gas pressure is a primary indicator of quality, and is most commonly measured in units called torr, even in metric contexts. Lower pressures indicate higher quality, although other variables must also be taken into account.
3. Vacuum became a valuable industrial tool in the 20th century with the introduction of incandescent light bulbs and vacuum tubes, and a wide array of vacuum technology has since become available. The recent development of human spaceflight has raised interest in the impact of vacuum on human health, and on life forms in general.
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Выберите слово, где окончание читается как [id]

If the examiner can’t make sense of your writing, you’ll get a low …

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                            The education of children with learning disabilities
1. A learning disability is a mental problem that children may have from birth, or that may be caused by illness or injury, that affects their ability to read, write, or calculate. Though its causes and nature are still not fully understood, it is widely agreed that the presence of a learning disability does not indicate subnormal intelligence. Rather it is thought that the learning-disabled have a neurologically based difficulty in processing language or figures.
2. Learning disabilities may be diagnosed through testing, and children may be enrolled in programs offering special help. Left unrecognized, learning disabilities may result not only in poor classroom performance but also in low self-esteem and disruptive behaviour. Normal intelligence, low self-esteem and disruptive behaviour indicate that a learning disability is not only a mental problem but also a social problem.
3. A child’s disruptive behaviour or low self-esteem can be cured not only by personal psychiatrists but also by proper social environments in the class created by the teacher. Neurology as the scientific study of nerves and their diseases in addition to social adjustments are to help the learning-disabled to overcome their learning disabilities. Children with learning disabilities require highly specialized techniques, usually on an individual basis.
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In 1960s, some students had an idea. They painted hundreds of bicycles white and placed them around Amsterdam for people to use. They hoped to save energy, reduce pollution and provide free public transport. It didn’t work – thieves took all the bicycles within weeks!
However, more than thirty years later, the ‘white bike’ is back in town – this time with a computer chip to record its every move! To take a bicycle, you have to insert a special card. The new ‘white bike’ is an unusual design with bright colours so there’s no point in stealing one – everyone would know! There is already less traffic in central Amsterdam, because both locals and tourists have been using the white bikes.
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To take a bicycle, you…

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Mother: «Could you do some shopping for me?»
Mary: «_______________»

Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.
The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.
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I’m fond of reading. In my opinion, books are a source of emotional inspiration and romantic feelings. Reading is very useful, because books enrich our experience with that of the other people. Besides, books help me to continue my own education.
I’m sure that a reader lives a richer life than a non-reader. The time spent on a good book is never wasted. Reading is a rewarding pastime. But some people think that the tempo of modern life is too fast to waste time on reading. They are sure that books have begun to lose their prestige and value. I disagree.

A new material as nylon has been accepted. It is material for the manufacture of bearings and runners of all sizes in many types of machines, earth-moving equipment and agricultural machinery due to its fundamental characteristics of low friction and good wear resistance. Nylon is a very versatile material and is capable of overcoming a wide range of difficult problems. It will operate satisfactorily without lubrication in an abrasive atmosphere. One of its features is that nylon functions under water or is immersed in any other liquid. Being non-toxic nylon is frequently used in food machinery. Nylon gears usually do not require lubrication, they are shock-resistant, do not deform permanently and – running in train with metal gears – they outlast them.
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When will nylon operate satisfactorily without lubrication?

Learning styles are various _________ of learning.

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Many young urban girls today smoke. While smoking is bad for your health at any time, it is particularly so during pregnancy and result in an underweight, small-size baby, and so smoking is best avoided during pregnancy. It is amazing how people persist in smoking despite so much warning regarding its hazards.
It is unwise to hold a lighted cigarette while holding the baby. Smoke may also irritate baby and make him cough and sneeze.

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The US is a _______ consisting of 50 states.

A person who initiates a lawsuit before a court is a (an) …

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Teacher: «I would advise you to use these Internet sources».
Student: «_______________»

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Mary: «I’m afraid I’ve been keeping that book of yours too long».
Susan: «_____________»

i passed the exam, but i am still waiting to get my 

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Being able to use a computer is an important _________ nowadays.

the police has got ____ little information about the robbery

The defendant normally has a _______ to represent him and act as his legal adviser.

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Nowadays motorcycles with exclusive air-cooled _____ are designed and produced.

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The Tower is a ______ nowadays.

Исчисляемым существительным является …

That man, John Black, was today ________ with robbery.

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Agroforestry
1. Agroforestry is an integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy land-use systems.
2. In agroforestry systems, trees or shrubs are intentionally used within agricultural systems, or non-timber forest products are cultured in forest settings. Knowledge, careful selection of species and good management of trees and crops are needed to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and to minimize negative competitive effects.
3. Agroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural and forest production methods through increased productivity, economic benefits, social outcomes and the ecological goods and services provided. Biodiversity in agroforestry systems is typically higher than in conventional agricultural systems. Agroforestry incorporates at least several plant species into a given land area and creates a more complex habitat that can support a wider variety of birds, insects, and other animals. Agroforestry also has the potential to help reduce climate change since trees take up and store carbon at a faster rate than crop.
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The official residence of the British Prime Minister is at ______.

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The animals and plants that are commodities in international trade must also be protected through international __________.

Выберите слово, где произношение ударного гласного соответствует звуку [ei]

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She got _____ in personnel management from a private college.

Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.